patent · US11280261B2
Systems for HHO gas second fuel distribution and control
22 March 2022
Page 1 — bibliographic record
( 12 ) Johnson
Unitedet States
Patent ( 10 ) Patent No.: US 11,280,261 B2
( 54 ) SYSTEMS FOR HHO GAS SECOND FUEL ( 58 ) Field of Classification Search DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL CPC .... C25B 1/04 ; C25B 1/06 ; C25B 9/06 ; C25B
( 71 ) Applicant: HyTech Power, Inc. , Redmond, WA FO2M 21/0239 ; FO2M 25/12 ; FO2M (US ) 35/10177 ; FO2M 35/10216 ; F02M
( 72 ) Inventors: Evan Charles Johnson , Lake Stevens, YO2T 10/32 ; YO2E 60/366 ; FO2B 43/12 WA (US ) ; Adam Anthony Filkins ,
Sandusky, MI ( US) ; Herbert Daniel ( Continued ) Deming , Clifford , MI (US ) ; Henry
White Dean , Sammamish , WA (US ) ; ( 56 ) References Cited Phillip Edward Jennings , Kirkland ,
WA (US ) U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS ( 73 ) Assignee : HyTech Power, Inc. , Redmond , WA 3,180,079 A 4/1965 Freeman (US) 3,310,483 A 3/1967 Rhodes (Continued ) ( * ) Notice : Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS U.S.C. 154 ( b ) by 0 days. AR 103829 6/2017 ( 21 ) Appl. No .: 16 /031,827 AU 2009100335 5/2009 (Continued )
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
International Search Report dated Mar. 6 , 2017 for PCT /US2017 /
US 2018/0320584 A1 Nov. 8 , 2018 020996 .
Related U.S. Application Data (Continued ) ( 63 ) Continuation of application No. 15 / 451,266 , filed on
Mar. 6 , 2017 , now Pat. No. 10,605,162 . Primary Examiner John Kwon
(Continued ) Assistant Examiner Johnny H Hoang (74 ) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Jones Day
FO2M 21/02 ( 2006.01 ) ( 57 ) ABSTRACT ( Continued ) An HHO gas second fuel is produced in a pressure -resistant (52) U.S. Cl. container and distributed at a low volumetric rate at multiple
(2013.01 ) ; C25B 9/17 (2021.01 ) ; C25B 11/00 locations about the internal combustion engine.
(Continued ) 22 Claims , 7 Drawing Sheets
Olo
Page 2
Related U.S. Application Data 6,895,945 B2 5/2005 Parsa 10/2005 Primlani
( 60 ) Provisional application No. 62 / 304,935 , filed on Mar. 7,117,830 B1 10/2006 Boyer et al . 7 , 2016 . 7,258,779 B2 8/2007 Casey et al .
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C25B 9/17 ( 2021.01 ) 7,654,233 B2 2/2010 Lin C25B 11/00 ( 2021.01 ) 7,789,047 B2 9/2010 Shinagawa et al . FO2M 43/04 ( 2006.01 ) 7,861,696 B2 1/2011 Lund ( 52 ) U.S. Ci . 8,118,012 B2 2/2012 Shinagawa et al . CPC C25B 15/08 (2013.01 ) ; F02B 43/10 8,127,750 B2 3/2012 Dica et al .
(2013.01 ) ; F02M 21/0221 ( 2013.01 ) ; F02M 8,161,748 B2 4/2012 Haase 21/0239 (2013.01 ) ; F02M 21/0248 ( 2013.01 ) ; 8,168,047 B1 5/2012 Smith F02M 21/0287 (2013.01 ) ; F02M 35/104 8,186,315 B2 5/2012 Barlow et al . (2013.01 ) ; F02M 35/10177 ( 2013.01 ) ; F02M 8,236,149 B2 8/2012 Wilson 35/10216 ( 2013.01 ) ; FO2M 35/10255 8,303,798 B2 11/2012 Dees et al .
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SYSTEMS FOR HHO GAS SECOND FUEL prising a first defined space for holding an electrolyte DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL solution , a plurality of electrolysis plates (also referred to as
CROSS - REFERENCE TO RELATED
electrode plates ) retained within the first defined space , and a second defined space for holding a gas . In certain embodi
APPLICATIONS 5 ments, for example, the volume of the second defined space may be equal to or greater than ( for example the same as ) the
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent applica volume of the first defined space . In certain embodiments ,
tion Ser. No. 15 /451,266 , filed Mar. 6 , 2017 , and which for example, the volume of the second defined space may be further claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application equal to or slightly less ( for example, at least 35 % ) of the No. 62/ 304,935 , filed Mar. 7 , 2016. The foregoing related 10 volume of the first defined space . In certain embodiments , applications, in their entirety , are incorporated herein by for example steady state applications, the volume of the reference .
second defined space may be a fraction ( for example, less
FIELD OF THE INVENTION than 15 % ) of the volume of the first defined space . In certain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance
This disclosure relates to systems and methods for gen- 15 all) of the following embodiments may comprise each of the erating HHO gas (a gas resulting from electrolysis of an other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, aqueous electrolyte solution ) and for distributing and deliv- for example , the pressure -resistant container may be capable ering the same about internal combustion engines. In par- of maintaining a pressure in excess of 100 psi ( for example ticular, the systems and methods of this disclosure relate to in excess of 150 psi or in excess of 200 psi ) . In certain second fuel ( the HHO gas) injected in proximity to the 20 embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may further engine intake valve or valves . In certain embodiments, for comprise a pressure relief valve configured to open when a example , the injection system for the second fuel may pressure of gas inside the container exceeds 80 psi ( for comprise a multi -point, variable injection system . In certain example when the pressure of the gas exceeds 125 psi or in embodiments , for example, the internal combustion engine may be a spark ignition engine or a compression ignition 25 excess In
certain embodiments, for example, the pressure -resis engine. tant container may further comprise a positive terminal, a BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION negative terminal, a gas outlet , electrolyte solution fill port and / or a drain port and optionally sensor, switch and /or
Worldwide emissions, stemming primarily from the burn safety device ports. In certain embodiments, for example, ing of fossil fuels, are reaching the highest levels ever 30 the positiveofterminal plurality mayplates electrolysis be connected , and theto negative at least oneterminal of the recorded . By some measures, the emissions associated with burning fossil fuels have already reached nearly 5 metric may be connected to at least another one ( or at least one plate tons/ person /year. Internal combustion engines , including different than any of the at least one plates that the positive diesel engines , are a major contributor of fossil fuel emis- terminal is connected to ) of the plurality of electrolysis sions . In fact, by some measures, there are over 300 million 35 plates . In certain embodiments, for example, the positive diesel engines worldwide. terminal may provide an electrical connection to one of the Internal combustion engines, and diesel engines in par- plurality of plates from a connection point outside the ticular, emit particulate matter (PM) and governments container. In certain embodiments, for example, the negative around the world are realizing that these emissions are a terminal may provide an electrical connection to one of the cause for great concern. As a result, many countries/ juris- 40 plurality of plates from a connection point outside the dictions , including the United States , the European Union container. In certain embodiments, for example, the positive and China , are passing regulations which require signifi cantly reduced emissions from internal combustion engines, terminal and / or and the negative terminal may be in electrical electrochemical communication predominately ( for including diesel engines.
Accordingly, more and more , businesses are forced to 45 example , greater than 85 % , greater than 90 % , greater than comply with these new air quality standards at their own 95 % , or greater than 98 % of the current flowing between the expense. Sometimes, the costs for modifying large fleets of terminals ) flows through the plurality of plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of plates may be vehicles vehicle .
to meet new regulations can exceed US $ 30,000 per configured as a stack of approximately parallel plates in An attributable amount of emissions created by internal fixed relation comprising two end plates and remaining combustion engines is a result of the internal combustion 50 plates spaced an approximately equal distance between engines failure to convert all of the energy available in the adjacent plates . In certain further embodiments , for hydrocarbon fuel ( e.g. , gasoline and / or diesel fuel ). This example, the positive terminal may be attached to one of the incomplete conversion is often a result of what is commonly end plates and the negative terminal may be attached to the referred to as incomplete combustion of the fuel. Incomplete other of the end plates . In certain further embodiments, for combustion results in an unnecessary loss of fuel efficiency 55 example, the positive terminal may be attached to at least and an increase in pollution . one interior plate and the negative terminal may be attached Accordingly, it is desirable to have a system and / or to at least one or two exterior plates , and vice versa . In method for use with an internal combustion engine, that aids certain further embodiments , for example, the positive ter in achieving more complete combustion of the hydrocarbon minal may be attached to several plates, for example every fuel, reduced emissions , and / or better fuel economy, or 60 other plate , and the negative terminal may be attached to otherwise improves certain metrics of the internal combus- several other plates, for example every other of the other tion engine. plates , in an alternating fashion ( for example, +/ -/ + / -/ +/ fashion ). In certain embodiments , for example, the plurality
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION of electrolysis plates may be fully immersed ( or at least 50 % 65 immersed ) in the electrolyte solution . In certain embodi
Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an elec- ments, for example , the plurality of plates may be at least trolysis cell comprising: a pressure - resistant container com- partially insulated to reduce ( for example by at least 50 % or
Page 15
at least 95 % ) or prevent direct electrochemical communi- of the host engine (i.e. , the engine or engines it is supplying cation expressed as Watts of energy transferred between second fuel to ) . In certain embodiments, for example, the non -adjacent plates without first undergoing electrochemical first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of communication with at least one adjacent plate. electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis 5 30,000 miles of driving or 60,000,000 crankshaft rotations. plates may comprise between 5 and 15 plates ( for example In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined space 7-12 plates ) . In certain embodiments , for example, the may be configured to hold at least 1 -quart, 1/ 2 -gallon, or plurality of electrolysis plates may have a thickness of 0.5-4 1 - gallon of electrolyte solution . In certain embodiments, for mm , for example 1-2 mm . In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous example, the plurality of electrolysis plates may be separated 10 solution with a concentration of electrolyte of less than 2 by a distance in the range of 0.5-8 mm from one another ( for percent by volume .
example 0.5-1.5 mm of separation ). In certain embodiments , Certain embodiments may provide , for example, an appa for example , at least two of the plurality of electrolysis ratus for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion plates may comprise a point for attaching to at least one engine, comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the electrode. In certain embodiments, for example, the elec- 15 HHO gas , and a plurality of HHO gas control valves ( for trolysis cell may further comprise a slot for securing at least example a plurality of injectors ) configured to deliver the one of the plurality of electrodes. In certain embodiments, HHO gas to a plurality of intake ports of the internal for example, at least a portion of at least one surface of at combustion engine. In certain embodiments, one or more least one of the plurality of electrolysis plates may comprise than one ( including for instance all ) of the following ( for example be coated with ) a high conductivity material , 20 embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments for example platinum or a platinum -containing alloy . In or parts thereof. In certain embodiments , for example, the certain embodiments , for example, at least a portion of at plurality of injectors may comprise a number of injectors at least one surface of at least one of the plurality of electroly- least equal to a number of a plurality of engine cylinders. In sis plates may be coated with titanium or a titanium- certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of injectors containing alloy. In certain embodiments, for example, at 25 may be designed to deliver the HHO gas within an intake least a portion of at least one surface of at least one of the manifold of the engine (i.e. the HHO gas is not mixed or plurality of electrolysis plates may be coated with iridium or does not come into contact with intake air until it is released an iridium -containing alloy. In certain embodiments, for from the tube (or lance) connected to the respective injec example, at least one of the plurality of electrolysis plates tor) . In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of ( for example inclusive of all of the electrolysis plates ) may 30 injectors may deliver HHO gas within 3 inches ( for example comprise at least one hole . In certain embodiments , for within 0.5 inches ) from each intake port ( or orifice of the example, the plurality of electrolysis plates may be arranged intake valve ) of a plurality of cylinders. In certain embodi such that the holes of each pair of adjacent plates are not ments, the plurality of injectors may be positioned , config aligned. In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality ured , equipped, and / or designed to directly inject into the of electrolysis plates may be arranged such that the holes of 35 combustion chamber (in aa fashion similar or the same as the each pair of adjacent plates may be located in opposite primary fuel is injected into the combustion chamber in corners . In certain embodiments, for example , the electroly- some applications). In certain embodiments, for example, at sis cell may further comprise an electrical isolator between least one of the plurality of injectors may be positioned each pair of adjacent plates of the plurality of electrolysis adjacent to at least one of the plurality of engine cylinders, plates . 40 at least a second injector of the plurality of injectors may be In certain embodiments , for example , the plurality of positioned adjacent to at least a second cylinder of the electrolysis plates may be electrically insulated from the plurality of engine cylinders, and at least aa third injector of pressure - resistant container. In certain embodiments, for the plurality of injectors may be positioned adjacent to at example, the interior of the pressure -resistant container may least a third cylinder of the plurality of engine cylinders In comprise an electric insulator ( for example, and electrically 45 certain embodiments, for example, each of the plurality of insulating coating ). In certain embodiments for example, an injectors may be equipped with aa lance that extends from the inner lining of the pressure - resistant container may comprise outlet end of the respective injector to a position proximate an electric insulator. an intake port of a cylinder. The lances serve to deliver the In certain embodiments, for example, the second defined HHO gas deep into the intake port near ( for example , within space may have a volume of at least one quart ( for example 50 3 inches, or within 2 inches or between 0.5 to 2 inches or less at least 1 gallon) . In certain embodiments, for example, the than 1 inch from ) an orifice of the intake valve . In certain second defined space may have a volume of no more than 10 embodiments, for example, the lance may deliver air - free gallons ( for example no more than 5 gallons ) . In certain HHO gas into the intake port. In certain further embodi embodiments, for example, the second defined space may be ments, for example , the HHO gas present in the lance may in Indirect fluid communication with the pressure relief valve. 55 be air -free (or at least substantially air - free), in certain certain embodiments , for example, the electrolysis cell embodiments, air -free ( or substantially air free) HHO gas may further comprise a heat exchanger in communication provided by an injector may mix with air inside a portion of with , integral to , or connected to the gas outlet. In certain the lance .
embodiments , for example, the pressure -resistant container In certain embodiments, for example, the engine may may further comprise a housing. In certain embodiments, for 60 have for example from 6 to 20 cylinders and the HHO gas example, the pressure - resistant container may further com- distribution system may have a corresponding number of prise a seal capable of preventing leakage of the electrolyte injectors to service each of the cylinders ( for example, an 8 solution and the gas from the container . cylinder engine may be fitted with 8 HHO gas injectors (one In certain embodiments, for example , the first defined positioned to feed HHO gas into the respective intake port space may be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte 65 for each cylinder) or 16 HHO gas injectors ( two positioned solution to supply a sufficient amount of HHO gas for at to feed HHO gas into the respective intake port for each least 1 month ( for example at least 2 months) of operation injector ).
Page 16
Certain embodiments may provide, for example , an appa- relative to an intake manifold pressure ( for example, 5-25 ratus for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion psi , or 5-15 psi , or 5-8 psi , or 10-15 psi higher than the air engine, comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the pressure in the intake manifold , downstream of a turbo HHO gas , and a flow regulator configured to start and stop charger ). In certain further embodiments, for example, the a flow of the HHO gas from the electrolysis cell to a plurality 5 intake manifold pressure may vary based on and / or during of injectors of the internal combustion engine. In certain the operation of the internal combustion engine. embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance Certain embodiments may provide , for example, an appa all ) of the following embodiments may comprise each of the ratus for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, engine, comprising : an electrolysis cell for generating the for example, the apparatus may further comprise a gas 10 HHO gas , and a gas distribution harness comprising a pressure regulator. In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of tubes (or lances ) configured to deliver the HHO gas pressure regulator may control the gas pressure at an gas to a plurality of intake ports of the internal combustion outlet port. In certain embodiments, for example, the appa- engine, for example a multi-point injection system . In cer ratus may further comprise a heat exchanger. In certain tain embodiments, one or more than one (including for embodiments, for example, the heat exchanger may provide 15 instance all ) of the following embodiments may comprise at least two separate fluid paths, wherein the at least two each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain separate fluid paths may be in thermal communication . In embodiments, for example, the number of the plurality of
certain further embodiments, for example, at least one of the lances may be equal to a number of a plurality of injectors at least two separate fluid paths may be configured to receive or at least one injector, including all the injectors, may be an engine coolant. In certain embodiments, for example, at 20 fitted with multiple lances , for example, two or more lances least one of the at least two separate fluid paths may be configured to provide two or more points or injection for a configured to receive at least a portion of the gas generated single cylinder and / or provide multi-points of injection for from the electrolysis cell . In certain embodiments, for multiple cylinders ( for example, four injectors could each be example, the heat exchanger may control the outlet tem- fitted with , for example, two lances each and the first injector perature of gas exiting an outlet port. In certain embodi- 25 could serve to inject HHO gas within the intake port of the ments, for example, the gas pressure regulator may be first and fourth cylinders of the host engine and , similarly , equipped with aa heat exchanger ( for example the foregoing the second and third injectors could serve to inject HHO gas heat exchanger ). In certain further embodiments, for within the intake ports of the second and fifth cylinders , and example, the gas pressure regulator may control the outlet the third and sixth cylinders, respectively . In certain embodi pressure and outlet temperature of gas exiting an outlet port 30 ments, for example , at least one lance of the plurality of of the gas pressure regulator. In certain further embodi- lances may comprise at least one outlet, at least a second ments , for example, the gas exiting the gas pressure regu- lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least a lator may be controlled have a temperature greater than second outlet, and at least a third lance of the plurality of 35 ° C. ( for example greater than 45º C.). In certain embodi- lances may comprise at least a third outlet. In certain ments, for example , the HHO gas passing through the 35 embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet may be regulator may be cooled and /or heated by exchanging heat positioned within 3 inches ( for example between 0.5 and 1.5 through the heat exchanger with engine coolant and there- inches) of an air flow port of at least one cylinder of a fore have a regulator exit temperature with plus or minus 10 plurality of cylinders of the internal combustion engine, the degrees , for example 5 ° C. , of the engine coolant tempera- at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 inches ture . In certain embodiments, for example , use of the engine 40 ( for example between 0.5 and 1.5 inches) of an air flow port coolant to control the temperature of the HHO gas and / or use of at least a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and of the pressure regulator to control the pressure of the HHO at least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 inches ( for gas may allow pre -determined amounts of the HHO gas to example between 0.5 and 1.5 inches ) of an air flow port of be introduced to at least one combustion chamber of a at least a third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders. In plurality of combustion chambers of the internal combustion 45 certain embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the aforesaid may be positioned within 1 inch ( for example within 0.25 temperature and pressure control may provide more precise inches ) of an engine valve seat of a plurality of engine valve control over the amount of HHO gas introduced into the seats of the internal combustion engine, the at least a second internal combustion engine in comparison to a system outlet may be positioned within 1 inch ( for example within lacking said controls ( for example a traditional system for 50 0.25 inches ) of a second engine valve seat of the plurality of introducing electrolysis gases into an internal combustion engine valve seats , and the at least a third outlet may be engine ). positioned within 1 inch ( for example within 0.25 inches) of In certain embodiments, for example, the gas pressure a third engine valve seat of the plurality of engine valve regulator pressure may be at least partially controlled rela- seats . In certain embodiments, for example , the at least one tive to an intake manifold pressure ( for example , 5-25 psi , or 55 outlet may be positioned within 3 inches ( for example 10-15 psi higher than the air pressure in the intake manifold , between 0.5 and 1.5 inches) of an orifice of an air intake downstream of a turbocharger) of the internal combustion valve of at least one cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, the engine. In certain embodiments, for example , the gas pres- at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 inches sure regulator may be at least partially controlled by pres- ( for example between 0.5 and 1.5 inches ) of an orifice of an sure communicated from an intake manifold pressure of the 60 air intake valve of at least a second cylinder of the plurality internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments , for of cylinders, and the at least aa third outlet may be positioned example , the gas pressure regulator may be characterized by within 3 inches ( for example between 0.5 and 1.5 inches ) of an opening pressure. In certain further embodiments , for an orifice of an air intake valve of at least a third cylinder of example, the opening pressure may be configured based on a plurality of cylinders.
the intake manifold pressure of the internal combustion 65 Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a second engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas pres- fuel ( for example an HHO gas ) system for an internal sure regulator pressure may be at least partially controlled combustion engine, comprising: a pressure -resistant con
Page 17
tainer, a multi -point gas distribution system comprising a an exhaust temperature sensor connected to the controller. In plurality of control valves to distribute separate portions of certain embodiments, for example, the controller may adjust the second fuel to multiple locations about the internal the HHO injection when the temperature of engine exhaust combustion engine, and a multi-point gas distribution con- exceeds a pre -determined temperature level . In certain trol system that controls the plurality of control valves to 5 embodiments, for example , the HHO gas may be distributed control the amount and timing of the delivery of the second individually to each intake valve of each cylinder via a fuel to the multiple locations about the internal combustion multi-point HHO gas injection ( also called port gas injection engine. In certain further embodiments, for example , the or MPI ) . In certain embodiments, for example, the multi pressure resistant container may comprise an electrolysis point injection may inject gas into the intake ports just cell configured to generate a second fuel from an electrolyte 10 upstream of each cylinder's intake valve , rather than at a solution , and a storage volume to hold a volume of the central point within an intake manifold . In certain embodi second fuel at a pressure greater than 40 psia . In certain ments, for example, multi-point injection may be sequential, further embodiments, for example, the at least one of the wherein injection of the HHO gas may be timed to coincide multiple locations may comprise at least one air intake with each cylinder's intake stroke; batched , wherein HHO orifice. In certain further embodiments, for example, the 15 gas may be injected to the cylinders in groups , without multi -point gas distribution control system may be config- precise synchronization to any particular cylinder's intake ured to deliver at least a portion of the second fuel in aa timed stroke; or simultaneous, wherein HHO gas may be injected sequence based on an intake stroke timing of the at least one at the same time to all the cylinders. In certain embodiments, air intake orifice . In certain further embodiments , for for example, the multi -point injection may deliver the HHO example, at least a second one of the at least one of the 20 gas directly into the cylinder, i.e. , direct injection. multiple locations may comprise at least one air intake In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may orifice . In certain further embodiments, for example , the be delivered to the engine at a pressure in the range of multi- point gas distribution control system may be further 100-500 kPa ( for example in the range of 100-400 kPa ) . In configured to deliver at least aa second portion of the second certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be fuel in a timed sequence based on an intake stroke timing of 25 delivered to the engine at temperature in the range of the at least one air intake orifice of the at least second one 35-120 ° C. (for example at a temperature in the range of of the at least one of the multiple locations . In certain 35-75 ° C. ) . In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO alternative embodiments, for example, the timed sequences gas may be delivered to the intake port of at least one may be batched (i.e. , the second fuel may be delivered to cylinder of the engine at a temperature in the range of groups of air intake orifices without regard to the timing of 30 100-130 ° F. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO the air intake stroke of any one particular air intake orifice ). gas may be delivered to the intake port of at least one In certain alternative embodiments, for example , the timing cylinder of the engine at a pressure in the range of 100-500 may be simultaneous ( i.e. , the second fuel may be delivered kPa . In certain embodiments, for example, the controller to all air intake orifices simultaneously ). In certain embodi- may further control the volume of HHO gas injected based , ments, for example, the multi -point gas distribution system 35 at least in part on the engine demand, load , fuel consump may be configured to provide an average of less than 15 tion , and /or air flow . In certain embodiments, for example, liters , for example less than 10 liters, for example between a timing and duration of at least one HHO gas injector may 0.1 and 5 liters , or for example between 0.1 and 2 liters (as be controlled at least in part based on the engine demand . measured at for example control temperature and pressure or In certain embodiments, for example, the system may standard temperature and pressure) of the second fuel per 40 further comprise an HHO temperature sensor connected to 120,000 crankshaft revolutions of the host engine. the controller. In certain further embodiments, for example, Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a retro- the controller may adjust the HHO injection when the fitted internal combustion engine configured to use a second temperature of the HHO gas is outside a pre -determined fuel ( for example an HHO gas ) according to the second fuel temperature range . In certain embodiments, for example, the system . In certain embodiments, for example, the retrofitted 45 system may further comprise an HHO pressure sensor internal combustion engine may power a vehicle. connected to the controller. In certain embodiments, for Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system example , the controller may adjust the HHO injection when for on - demand delivery of HHO gas for an internal com- the pressure of the HHO gas exceeds a pre -determined bustion engine, comprising: an electrolysis cell for generat- pressure level . In certain embodiments, for example, the ing the HHO gas , a controller for determining an amount of 50 controller may comprise an anti - surge protector. In certain the HHO gas sufficient to reduce engine -out emissions to a embodiments, for example, the controller may comprise a pre -determined level , and an HHO injection apparatus, in processor configured to calculate an amount of the HHO gas communication with the controller, for delivering the HHO sufficient to reduce engine -out emissions to a pre -deter gas to at least one intake valve of the internal combustion mined level based on engine operating parameters. In certain engine. In certain embodiments, one or more than one 55 embodiments , the controller may comprise a seal to prevent ( including for instance all ) of the following embodiments water intrusion .
may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the system may include any of the electrolysis cell embodiments dis may further comprise a regulator for regulating a tempera- closed herein . In certain embodiments, for example , the ture and a pressure of the HHO gas to be injected in the 60 electrolysis cell may comprise a pressure - resistant container engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the system comprising a first defined space for holding an electrolyte may further comprise a knock sensor configured to detecting solution , a plurality of electrolysis plates retained within the engine knock and to send a signal to the controller to adjust first defined space , and a second defined space for holding the HHO injection when engine knock is detected . In certain a gas , wherein aa volume of the second defined space may be embodiments, for example, the controller may at least 65 greater than the volume of the first defined space . In certain partially control the generation of the HHO gas . In certain embodiments, for example , the pressure -resistant container embodiments, for example, the system may further comprise may further comprise a positive terminal, a negative termi
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nal , a gas outlet, an electrolyte solution fill port and / or be configured to store a volume of HHO gas sufficient to a / drain port. In certain embodiments, for example, the deliver the required amount of HHO gas for at least 120,000 electrolysis cell may further comprise a heat exchanger in crankshaft revolutions of the engine. communication with , integral to , or connected to the gas In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell outlet . 5 may be configured to generate the required amount of HHO Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system gas for extended operation of the internal combustion for onboard, on -demand delivery of an HHO gas for an engine, wherein the temperature of the electrolysis cell does internal combustion engine ( for example for a vehicle ), not exceed 80 ° C. ( for example, does not exceed 65 ° C. ) . In comprising: an electrolysis cell configured to produce a certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may required amount of HHO gas ; and an HHO gas delivery 10 be powered by an 11-14 VDC power source . In certain system configured to deliver the HHO gas to the internal further embodiments , for example, the electrolysis cell may combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example , comprise an electrolyte solution , wherein the concentration delivery of the required amount of HHO gas may comprise of one or more electrolytes present in the electrolyte solution delivering a portion of the required amount of HHO gas may be selected, maintained , and / or adjusted to provide a from the electrolysis cell to a position proximate an orifice 15 current draw of less than 20 amps ( for example less than 10 ( for example within 3 inches of the at least one orifice ) of a amps ) at the operating voltage and temperature of the combustion chamber intake valve , wherein said portion of electrolysis cell . In certain further embodiments, for the HHO gas does not contact combustion intake air until example, the electrolyte concentration may be lower than the said portion reaches said position . In certain embodiments, concentration of electrolyte in a conventional electrolysis for example, the HHO gas delivery system may deliver the 20 cell . In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte portion of the HHO gas without causing any noticeable solution may be exclusive of sulfuric acid . In certain change in its chemical and / or performance properties to said embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be position about the combustion chamber intake valve . In operated continuously ( for example without pulsed width certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion modulation ) for a period of time ( for example at least 10 engine may provide power to a vehicle and the required 25 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 1 hour, or indefinitely ) amount of HHO gas may be generated by electrolyzing in without overheating, for example without heating to a tem the range of 4-16 ounces of water per 10,000 miles traveled perature in excess of 65 ° C. In certain further embodiments, by the host vehicle or in the range of 4-16 ounces of water for example, an ability to operate the electrolysis cell per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of the host engine. In continuously without overheating may be due at least in part certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion 30 to a low electrolyte concentration in the electrolyte solution engine may provide power to a vehicle and the required ( for example less than 2 vol . % of electrolyte , such as less amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 300-1000 liters than 0.5 vol . % of electrolyte ) and /or a current draw of less per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, than 15 amps ( for example less than 10 amps ). In certain based on a gas measured at a temperature of 25 ° C. and embodiments, for example , the electrolysis cell may be pressure of 1 atmosphere . In certain embodiments, for 35 powered by a 20-28 VDC power source . In certain further example, the HHO gas required may be in catalytic quan- embodiments, for example, the concentration of the one or tities. more electrolytes may be selected, maintained, and / or In certain embodiments, for example, the required amount adjusted to provide a current draw of less than 10 amps at the of HHO gas may be , on average , in the range of 1-10 liters operating temperature ( for example an operating tempera per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations , based on a gas 40 ture of less than 80 ° C. ) of the electrolysis cell . In certain temperature of 25 ° C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere. In embodiments , for example, the electrolysis cell may be certain embodiments , for example, the required amount of configured to operate on less than 250 watts of DC power. HHO gas may be in the range of, on average , 1-10 liters per In certain embodiments , for example, the electrolysis cell hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas may be configured to have less than 3 ohm of resistance. temperature of within 20 ° C. of the temperature of engine 45 Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a vehicle coolant and a pressure of in the range of 40-50 psia . In comprising an internal combustion engine and an apparatus certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion for providing HHO gas to the internal combustion engine. In engine may be a 15 - liter diesel engine for a freight vehicle. certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus may com In certain further embodiments, for example , the required prise one of the HHO gas -providing apparatus described amount of HHO gas may be in the range of, on average , 5-30 50 herein . In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle liters perhour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on may be a Class 8 truck comprising a heavy duty diesel a gas temperature of within 20 ° C. of the temperature of engine. In certain further embodiments , for example, the engine coolant and a pressure of in the range of 40-50 psia . heavy duty diesel engine may have a displacement in the In certain embodiments, for example, a doubling of the range of 11-16 liters , for example in the range of 14-15 liters . engine volume ( for example from aa 3 - liter engine to aa 6 - liter 55 In certain further embodiments, for example, the heavy duty engine ) may increase the required amount of HHO gas by in diesel engine may have an engine speed of at least 1800 rpm , the range of 5-15 % ( for example by approximately 10% ) . In for example 2100 rpm . In certain further embodiments, for certain embodiments, for example, the system may further example , the heavy duty diesel engine may provide 1600 comprise an HHO gas storage system configured to store an 2000 ft- lb peak torque . In certain further embodiments, for excess amount of HHO gas for at least 1 week ( for example 60 example , the heavy duty diesel engine may be sized to at least 1 months). In certain embodiments, for example, the produce 430-500 hp. In certain embodiments, for example , required amount of HHO gas may be at least 1 liter of HHO the vehicle may be a delivery truck comprising a medium ( for example at least 1.5 liters) gas per each liter of engine duty diesel engine . In certain further embodiments, for displacement for every 120,000 crankshaft revolutions of example , the medium duty diesel engine may be a 6 cylinder the engine at a pressure of at least 100 kPa relative to the air 65 inline engine . In certain embodiments, for example, the intake pressure of a combustion chamber of the engine. In medium duty diesel engine may have a displacement in the certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may range of 6-11 liters . In certain embodiments, for example,
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the vehicle ( for example a Dodge Ram truck or a Ford F150 N1 - I , Category N1 - II , Category N1 - III , Category N2 , HD truck ) may be a light truck comprising a light duty high Diesel , or non -road mobile machinery internal combustion speed diesel engine. In certain further embodiments , for engine may be reduced according to one or more Euro example, the light duty high speed diesel engine may have emission standards ( for example one or more of the Euro I , a displacement in the range of 2-6 liters. In certain embodi- 5 Euro II , Euro III , Euro IV , Euro V , or Euro VI emission ments, the light duty high speed diesel engine may have an standards).
engine speed of 4000-4500 rpm . In certain embodiments, the Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method light duty high speed diesel engine may be sized to produce of improving efficiency of an electrolysis process ( for 200-250 hp. In certain embodiments, for example, the light example a process for the electrolysis of water ) , comprising: duty high speed diesel engine may be a 6 -cylinder inline 10 selecting a working volume of electrolyte solution whereby engine, a V6 engine , or a V8 engine. In certain embodi- the process draws less than 15 A ( for example less than 10 ments, for example, the vehicle may be a pleasure boat A , for example between 5 and 12 amps, or 7 and 11 amps ) comprising an internal combustion engine having a displace- at 24 VDC , configuring the size and number of a plurality of ment in the range of 4-20 liters , for example a displacement electrolysis plates in an electrolysis cell whereby each of the in the range of 4-8 liters , or the internal combustion engine 15 plurality of plates may be fully submerged in the working having a displacement in the range of 8-18 liters. volume of electrolyte solution, and optionally cooling the Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a gen- electrolyte solution to a temperature of 80 ° C. or less . In erator comprising an internal combustion engine and an certain embodiments, one or more than one ( including for apparatus for providing HHO gas to the internal combustion instance all ) of the following embodiments may comprise engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus 20 each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain may comprise one of the HHO gas -providing apparatus embodiments, for example , the method may further com described herein . In certain embodiments , for example, the prise storing a product of electrolysis ( for example a gas ) engine may be a generator set engine having a displacement within the electrolysis cell . In certain embodiments , for in the range of 6-60 liters . In certain further embodiments, example, each of the plurality of electrolysis plates form a for example, the generator set engine may be a V8 , V12 , 25 parallel stack having 1-3 mm spacing between neighboring V16 , or V20 engine having an engine displacement of 2-6 plates . In certain embodiments, for example , the method liters per cylinder. In certain embodiments, for example, the may further comprise warming the electrolysis cell to a generate set engine may be sized to produce more than 1000 temperature of greater than 80 ° C. ( for example greater than hp, for example the generator set engine may be sized to 90 ° C. ) . In certain embodiments, for example, the cooling produce 1000-2000 hp. 30 may comprise removing heat from the electrolyte solution to Certain embodiments may provide, for example , method an engine coolant with aa heat exchanger. In certain embodi for reducing one or more emissions ( for example regulated ments, for example , the cooling may comprise removing emissions , such as emissions of particulate matter or emis- heat from the electrolyte solution to an engine coolant. In sions of nitrogen oxides (NOx )) of an internal combustion certain embodiments, for example, the cooling may be engine ( for example a gas engine or a diesel engine ), 35 assisted by intermittent interruptions of the electrolysis comprising : controlling a temperature of an HHO gas by process. In certain embodiments, for example , electrolyte exchanging heat with an engine coolant; and delivering the solution may comprise an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid . HHO gas at the controlled temperature to at least one intake Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method port of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodi- of delivering HHO gas to a combustion chamber of an ments, for example, one or more engine - out emissions of the 40 internal combustion engine , comprising: delivering the internal combustion engine ( for example a Heavy - Duty HHO gas at a controlled temperature within 20 ° C. ( for Highway Compression - Ignition Engine ) may fall within or example within 10 ° C. ) of an engine coolant temperature, meet the regulated emissions limits for the internal combus- pressurizing the HHO gas to a pressure within 500 kPa ( for tion engine specified in EURO emission standards and / or example within 400 kPa or 250 kPa) of an air intake port of Environmental Protection Agency emission standards. In 45 the combustion chamber, and injecting the HHO gas into the certain embodiments, for example, the engine -out emission air intake port.
levels for purposes of determining compliance with emis- Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method sions standards ( for example Environmental Protection of delivering HHO gas to a plurality of combustion cham Agency emission standards) may be based on standard test bers of an internal combustion engine, comprising: deliver procedures ( for example the Environmental Protection 50 ing the HHO gas at a controlled temperature within 10 ° C. Agency Transient Test Procedure, the Not - to - Exceed (NTE ) of an engine coolant temperature, pressurizing the HHO gas test , the Supplemental Emission Test ( SET) , or the Urban to a pressure within 500 kPa ( for example within 400 kPa or Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS ) ) . In certain further 250 kPa ) of an air intake port of at least one combustion embodiments, for example, the emission levels may com- chamber of a plurality of combustion chambers, and deliv prise 0.2 g /bhp -hr of nitrogen oxide and non -methane hydro- 55 ering at least one portion of the HHO gas to within 3 inches carbon and 0.01 g /bhp -hr ( or other levels ] of particulate of the intake valve of the at least one combustion chamber matter on Environmental Protection Agency Transient Test of the plurality of combustion chambers. In certain further Procedure . In certain further embodiments, for example, the embodiments , for example, the method may further com internal combustion engine may be a nonroad compression- prise delivering at least a second portion of the HHO gas to ignition engine and the emission levels may comprise 60 within 3 inches of an intake valve of at least a second Exhaust Emission Standards for Nonroad Compression- combustion chamber of the plurality of combustion cham Ignition Engines . In certain further embodiments , for bers, and further delivering at least a third portion of the example, the internal combustion engine may be a generator HHO gas to within 3 inches of an intake valve of at least a set engine and the emission levels comprise Exhaust Emis- third combustion chamber of the plurality of combustion sion Standards for generator sets. In certain further embodi- 65 chambers.
ments, for example, one or more emissions of an internal Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method combustion engine ( for example a Category M , Category of delivering HHO gas to a plurality of combustion cham
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bers of an internal combustion engine , comprising : deliver- Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method ing the HHO gas at a controlled temperature within 10 ° C. of improving a fuel economy of an internal combustion ( for example, within 5 ° C. ) of engine coolant temperature , engine, comprising: injecting into each cylinder of the pressurizing the HHO gas to a pressure within 500 kPa ( for engine less than 1 liter ( for example less than 0.3 liter) of the example within 400 kPa or 250 kPa) of a first air intake port 5 HHO gas per liter of cylinder displacement at a pressure of of at least one of the plurality of combustion chambers, and less than 500 kPa ; and achieving a fuel economy improve delivering the HHO gas directly into a plurality of air intake ment of more than 10% ( for example more than 15 % ) . ports ( for example , in the range of 4-12 intake ports, for Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of reducing one or more engine -out emissions ( for example example 6 or 8 intake ports ).
Certain embodimentsmay provide, for example, a method 10 engine
PM and, comprising / or NOx emissions : injecting) ofintoan each internal combustion cylinder of the of delivering HHO gas to a combustion chamber of an engine less than 1 liter ( for example less than 0.3 liter ) of the internal combustion engine, comprising: delivering the HHO gas per liter of cylinder displacement at a pressure of HHO gas at a controlled temperature within 10 ° C. of engine less than 500 kPa ; and achieving a reduction in the one or coolant temperature, pressurizing the HHO gas to a pressure 15 more engine -out emissions of at least 25 % ( for example a within 500 kPa ( for example within 400 kPa or 250 kPa) of reduction of at least 50% ) . In certain further embodiments, an air intake port of the combustion chamber, and delivering for example, at least one of the one or more engine-out a portion of the HHO gas into the intake port. emissions may be reduced below corresponding regulatory Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an elec- limits , for example 2002 , 2004 , 2007 , 2010 , 2014 Environ trolysis unit for supplying HHO gas as a boost fuel for a 20 mental Protection Agency emission limits and / or Euro I, vehicle, comprising: a high pressure container comprising : a Euro II , Euro III , and or Euro VI emission limits ] . gas storage portion and a gas generation portion ( for Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method example the gas generation portion may comprise an elec- of improving a fuel economy of a vehicle or genset powered trolysis cell ) . In certain further embodiments, for example, by an internal combustion engine, comprising: injecting a the gas generation portion may be capable of generating a 25 portion of an onboard - generated HHO gas into at least one quantity of gas greater than the average demand for the cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internal combus vehicle. In certain further embodiments, for example, the gas tion engine at a pressure greater than 30 psi and at a storage portion may be sufficiently sized to store a quantity temperature within 10 ° C. of the operating temperature of a of gas that exceeds 90 % of a peak demand ( for example the coolant for the internal combustion engine, and at aa distance average peak demand for a specified period of time ) for the 30 within 3 inches of an air intake valve of the at least one vehicle. In certain embodiments, one or more than one cylinder of the plurality of cylinders , wherein the HHO gas ( including for instance all ) of the following embodiments may be generated by an on - board electrolysis cell that may may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts be powered by the internal combustion engine. In certain thereof. further embodiments, for example e , the method may further
In certain embodiments, for example, the gas storage 35 comprise injecting a second portion of the onboard -gener portion may have a fixed volume. In certain embodiments, ated HHO gas into at least a second cylinder of the plurality for example, the gas storage portion may comprise a head of cylinders at a pressure greater than 30 psi and at a space above the gas generation portion . In certain embodi- temperature within 10 ° C. of the operating temperature of a ments, for example, the average demand may be in the range coolant for the internal combustion engine, and at a distance of 1-4 liters of HHO gas per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft 40 within 3 inches of an air intake valve of the at least a second rotations, based on a gas temperature of within 20 ° C. of the cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and injecting a third temperature of engine coolant and a pressure of in the range portion of the onboard - generated HHO gas into at least a of 40-50 psia . In certain embodiments, for example , the third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders at a pressure average peak demand may be in the range of 20-30 liters of greater than 30 psi and at a temperature within 10 ° C. of the HHO gas per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based 45 operating temperature of aa coolant for the internal combus on a gas temperature of within 20 ° C. of the temperature of tion engine, and at a distance within 3 inches of an air intake engine coolant and a pressure of in the range of 40-50 psia . valve of the at least a third cylinder. In certain further In certain embodiments , for example, the gas generation embodiments, for example , injecting the portion , the second portion may produce HHO gas intermittently ( for example portion, and the third portion may be sequenced . In certain for less than 20 minutes before pausing ). In certain embodi- 50 further embodiments, for example, the sequencing may be ments, for example, HHO gas generation may be for less relative to a position of a first piston of a plurality of pistons than 12 minutes per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rota- ( for example a piston for the first cylinder ), a second piston tions . In certain embodiments, for example, HHO gas gen- of the plurality of pistons , and / or a third piston of the eration may be regulated to maintain the electrolysis unit at plurality of pistons. In certain embodiments , for example , a temperature below 80 deg . C. 55 the electrolysis cell may be further powered by battery, Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method wherein the battery may be recharged by a charging unit that to operate an electrolysis unit comprising a variable pressure is powered by the combustion engine . In certain embodi zone , comprising: selecting a first pressure and a second ments, for example, the vehicle's fuel economy may be pressure of the variable pressure zone whereby HHO gas increased by at least 5 % on a miles per gallon of fuel basis , initially at the first pressure may be discharged to meet a 60 relative to identical conditions where the HHO gas is not peak energy demand for a specified period without falling to injected ( for example where the HHO gas is not generated ). a pressure below the second pressure , generating HHO gas Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method until the variable pressure zone reaches the first pressure; of improving a fuel economy of a vehicle powered by an separately generating HHO gas at a rate sufficient to meet an internal combustion engine, comprising: injecting a portion average energy demand . In certain embodiments , for 65 of an onboard -generated HHO gas into at least one cylinder example , the first pressure may be 50 psia and the second of a plurality of cylinders of the internal combustion engine pressure may be 40 psia . at a pressure greater than 30 psi and at a temperature within
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10 ° C. of the operating temperature of a coolant for the Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara internal combustion engine, and at a distance within 3 inches tus, methods, or systems to improve the performance of an of a first air intake valve of the at least one cylinder of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, one or plurality of cylinders, wherein the HHO gas may be gener- more than one ( including for instance all ) of the following ated by an on - board electrolysis cell that may be powered by 5 embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. Certain embodiments may provide, for the internal combustion engine . In certain further embodi example ments , for example, the method may further comprise inject , apparatus, methods, or systems to improve the fuel ing a second portion of the onboard -generated HHO gas into ments mayof an economy internal combustion engine. Certain embodi provide , for example, apparatus, methods, or at least a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders at a pressure greater than 30 psi and at a temperature within 10° 10 systems to reduce the emissionsmayof anprovide engine. Certain embodiments internal , forcombustion example ,
C. of the operating temperature of a coolant for the internal apparatus combustion engine , and at a distance within 3 inches of an aftertreatment devices of an internal combustion engineof. , methods , or systems to improve the efficiency air intake valve of the at least a second cylinder of the Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, plurality of cylinders, and injecting a third portion of the 15 methods, or systems to reduce the fuel consumption of an onboard - generated HHO gas into at least aa third cylinder of internal combustion engine . Certain embodiments may pro the plurality of cylinders at a pressure greater than 30 psi and vide , for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to at a temperature within 10 ° C. of the operating temperature improve the brake thermal efficiency of an internal combus of a coolant for the internal combustion engine, and at a tion engine . Certain embodiments may provide, for distance within 3 inches of an air intake valve of the at least 20 example , apparatus, methods, or systems to reduce particu a third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders. In certain late matter ( for example particulate matter ) emissions. Cer further embodiments , for example, injecting the portion, the tain embodiments may provide, for example , apparatus, second portion , and the third portion may be sequenced. In methods, or systems to reduce the amount of fine and certain further embodiments, for example , the sequencing ultra - fine particulates.
may be relative to a position of a first piston of a plurality 25 Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara of pistons ( for example a piston for the first cylinder ), a tus , methods, or systems to improve the performance of an second piston of the plurality of pistons , and /or a third piston internal combustion engine ( for example a gasoline engine, of the plurality of pistons . In certain embodiments, for a diesel engine, a marine engine, or a 2 - stroke engine ). In example, the electrolysis cell may be further powered by certain embodiments, for example, internal combustion battery , wherein the battery may be recharged by a charging 30 engines may realize a fuel economy increase of at least 1 % unit that is powered by the combustion engine. In certain ( for example at least 2 % , at least 5 % , or at least 20 % ) . embodiments, for example , the vehicle's fuel economy may Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara be increased by least 5 % on a miles per gallon of fuel tus, methods, or systems achieve substantially complete basis , relative to identical conditions where the HHO gas is combustion , or at least more complete combustion , within not injected ( for example where the HHO gas is not gener- 35 the internal combustion engine ( for example greater com ated ). bustion of at least than 10 % , for example more than 20 % ) . In certain further embodiments, for example, at least one Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara of the one or more engine -out emissions ( for example one or tus , methods, or systems to improve the operation of the more of the emissions specified in the 2002 , 2004 , 2007 , internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, one or 2010 , 2014 Environmental Protection Agency emission lim- 40 more than one ( including for instance all ) of the following its and / or Euro I , Euro II , Euro III , and or Euro VI emission embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments
limits ) may be reduced by at least 5 % ( for example at least or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the 10 % ) relative to identical conditions and duration where the internal combustion engine may operate at a cooler tem HHO gas is not injected ( for example where the HHO gas is perature and / or may run cleaner. In certain embodiments, for not generated ). 45 example, the internal combustion engine may generate more Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a second power or more consistent or even power output for the same fuel injection system for an internal combustion engine, or lower amount of fuel. In certain embodiments, for comprising a source of a second fuel, an injection system in example, the internal combustion engine may generate fluid communication with said source of the second fuel, exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of comprising at least one injector configured to control deliv- 50 exhaust aftertreatment systems . In certain embodiments, for ery of the second fuel, a line having an inlet in fluid example , the internal combustion engine may generate communication with the outlet of said at least one injector exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of and an outlet proximate at least one intake valve of the diesel particulate filter ( DPF ) . In certain embodiments, for engine. example, the internal combustion engine may generate Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a booster 55 exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of gas injection system for an internal combustion engine , selective catalytic reactor ( SCR) . In certain embodiments , comprising a source of said booster gas , an injection system for example, the internal combustion engine may generate in fluid communication with said source of booster gas , exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of comprising at least one booster gas injector configured to diesel oxidation catalyst ( DOC ) . In certain embodiments, for control delivery of at least a portion of said booster gas to a 60 example, the internal combustion engine may generate location proximate at least one intake valve of the engine . exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method NOx trap.
for improving performance of an internal combustion Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara engine, comprising multi -point variably injecting a second tus, methods, or systems to introduce a second fuel ( for fuel directly into at least one intake port of the engine, 65 example a second fuel exclusive of a petroleum -derived wherein the second fuel is a product of electrolysis ( for fuel) into an internal combustion engine. In certain embodi example electrolysis of an aqueous solution ). ments, for example, the second fuel ( also referred to as
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booster gas or enhancement gas or HHO gas throughout this Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara application, unless specifically defined otherwise ) may com- tus, methods, or systems that serve as a mechanism for prise hydrogen , oxygen and / or mixtures thereof derived distributing the oxidizer for more even air / fuel mixture . from electrolysis of an aqueous solution comprising ions , for Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara example an electrolysis solution . In certain embodiments, 5 tus, methods, or systems to generate a gas mixture that is an accelerant to speed combustion , enhance combustion, and /or for example, the second fuel may substantially comprise increase hydrogen, oxygen and / or mixtures thereof. In certain the extent of combustion .
embodiments , for example, the second fuel may predomi Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara nantly comprise hydrogen , oxygen and / or mixtures thereof. 10 tus, methods, or systems to displace air with oxygen and / or In certain embodiments, for example, the second fuel may hydrogen embodiments within the engine's intake system . In certain , one or more than one ( including for instance be a product of electrolysis. In certain embodiments, the all ) of the following second fuel or components of the second fuel, for example other embodiments orembodiments may comprise each of the hydrogen may benefit the combustion reaction by serving as for example, an apparatus , method ., Inor certain parts thereof embodiments, system may displace a catalyst. 15 air within the engine's intake system with the gas mixture, Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara resulting from the gas mixture generator system . In certain tus, methods, or systems to produce an oxygen -hydrogen gas embodiments, for example , an apparatus, method, or system
mixture ( for example an oxygen -hydrogen gas mixture for may be used to create a shorter combustion process that use as a second fuel in an internal combustion engine ). In lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing the forma certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be 20 tion of nitrogen oxides . In certain embodiments, for an oxygen -rich or hydrogen - rich a gas mixture . In certain example, an apparatus, method, or system may generate a embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may comprise gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an aqueous solu one or more of aqueous solution electrolysis components tion and introducing at least a portion of the gas mixture into ( for example monatomic oxygen and / or monatomic hydro- the engine's intake for improved combustion . In certain gen ). 25 embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method , or system Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- may generate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an tus, methods, or systems to produce a gas mixture that is aqueous solution and introducing a substantial portion ( for approximately two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen ( for example greater than 95 wt . % ) , of the gas mixture into the example 2 : 1 ) or less than 2 : 1 ( for example 1.75 : 1 , 1.5 : 1 , engine’s intake for improved combustion . In certain 1.25 : 1 , 1 : 1 , 0.75 : 1 , or 0.5 : 1 ) . In certain embodiments, for 30 embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method , or system example, the gas mixture produced may be modified before may generate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an being delivered to the internal combustion engine. In certain aqueous solution and storing the gas mixture in a storage embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be com- tank instead of introducing the gas mixture into the engine's bined with an additive and /or the composition of the gas intake. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus , mixture may be modified by adding , recycling or removing 35 method , or system may generate an optimized or partially portions of the gas mixture . In certain embodiments, for optimized quantity of a gas mixture, such as a gas mixture example , an apparatus, method, or system may generate having one or more aqueous solution electrolysis compo hydrogen and oxygen at a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2 : 1 , nents, into the engine’s intake for improved combustion . In but some of the hydrogen or oxygen, for example oxygen , certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus , method, or may be trapped in bubbles , and the apparatus, method, or 40 system may be configured to produce in the range of system may be configured to release the trapped oxygen to between 1-7.5 liters of gas per minute and /or produce in the effectively deliver more oxygen to the internal combustion range of between 0.08-0.75 liters of gas per minute per liter engine. of engine displacement.
Certain embodiments may provide, for example , appara- Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a system tus, methods, or systems to result in a more reliably con- 45 or apparatus to generate a gas mixture for use with an trolled gas mixture generation process . In certain embodi- internal combustion engine, the system or apparatus com ments, for example , the current provided to the system for prising a tank ( for example an at least partially non -conduc gas generation may be continually or continuously regulated tive tank ) configured to store an aqueous solution consisting or controlled , for example, in real time ( or substantially real essentially of water and a predetermined quantity of elec time ) , so as to provide predetermined or controlled quantity 50 trolyte ( for example the electrolyte may comprise KOH , of gas , for example, in relation to the engine speed and / or K2CO3 , NaOH , Na2CO3 , and / or H2SO4 ) . In certain embodi demand . ments, for example , one or more than one (including for Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- instance all ) of the following embodiments of the system or tus , methods, or systems to utilize a substantially closed- apparatus may comprise each of the other embodiments or loop system that recycles a water - reagent (or water -electro- 55 parts thereof. In certain embodiments , for example, the lyte or aqueous solution electrolysis component) mixture to system or apparatus may further comprise a cell (i.e. , an reduce its consumption . electrolytic cell ) configured for aiding in the electrolysis of Certain embodiments may provide, for example , appara- the aqueous solution . In certain further embodiments , for tus, methods, or systems to alter combustion ( for example example , the cell may comprise a plurality of plates arranged diesel combustion) chemistry to reduce particulate forma- 60 substantially parallel to one another and be spaced substan tion, for example reduce particulate formation by greater tially equidistant from an adjacent one of the plurality of than 5 % ( for example greater than 10 % ) . plates , and at least one seal located between the plurality of Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- plates . In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one tus, methods, or systems to increase the concentration of an seal may produce a substantially watertight seal between oxidizer in an internal combustion engine, for example 65 adjacent ones of the plurality of plates . In certain embodi increase the amount of oxidizers by at least 5 % ( for example ments, for example, the system or apparatus may further by at least 20 % ) . comprise a controller configured to apply a pulse width
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modulated voltage to the cell to generate the gas mixture greater than 10 % ) . In certain embodiments, for example, the within the cell . In certain further embodiments, for example, concentration of an oxidizer in an internal combustion the controller may be configured to regulate the current engine may be increased ( for example increased by at least provided to the cell by controlling the duty cycle of the pulse 5 % , for example by at least 20 % ) . width modulated voltage . In certain embodiments, for 5 Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara example , the duty cycle may be controlled in real time tus, methods, or systems to distribute the oxidizer for more and / or substantially real time . In certain embodiments, for even air /fuel mixture .
example , the system or apparatus may further comprise an Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara output for outputting the gas mixture to the internal com- tus, methods, or systems to generate a gas mixture that is an bustion engine. In certain embodiments , for example , the 10 accelerant to speed combustion and / or increase combustion gas mixture may be input into the tank prior to being output completion.
to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara for example, the gas mixture may be output to the internal tus, methods, or systems to displace air with oxygen and / or combustion engine without being input into the tank . In hydrogen within the engine’s intake system . certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be 15 Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara stored in the tank without being output to the internal tus, methods, or systems to create a shorter combustion combustion engine under certain operating conditions . In process that lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing certain embodiments, for example, the gas generation sys- the formation of nitrogen oxides .
tem or apparatus may be integral with the gas storage tank . Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara In certain embodiments, for example, the size of the tank 20 tus, methods, or systems to reduce the particulate emissions may be selected such that the aqueous solution occupies less of an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, than 2/3 ( for example less than 1/4) the volume of the tank for example , a method may comprise the steps of generating during operation. In certain embodiments , for example, the a gas mixture for use within the internal combustion engine system or apparatus may comprise multiple tanks. In certain and providing the gas mixture to the internal combustion embodiments , for example, the cell may comprise at least 25 engine during operation of the internal combustion engine. two plates ( for example at least 7 plates or at least 15 plates ) , In certain embodiments, for example, a method may com a first plate configured to be coupled to a positive terminal prise: generating a gas mixture for use within the internal of a voltage source and a second plate configured to be combustion engine, and providing the gas mixture to the coupled to a negative terminal of the voltage source . In internal combustion engine during operation of the internal certain embodiments, for example, the cell may further 30 combustion engine. In certain embodiments , for example, comprise at least one neutral plate configured in a series the gas mixture may be generated in substantially real time relationship to the first plate and the second plate . relative to the consumption of the gas mixture. In certain Certain embodiments may provide, for example , appara- embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be gener tus , methods, or systems to realize a fuel economy increase ated onboard the vehicle during operation of the internal of at least 1 % , ( for example at least 5 % , or for example 35 combustion engine.
between 8 and 12 % , or at least 10 % , 15 % or from 1 % to up Certain embodiments, may provide, for example, a to 20 % ) . booster gas injection system for an internal combustion Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- engine, comprising: a source of said booster gas , an injection tus, methods, or systems to improve the operation of an system in fluid communication with said source of booster internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for 40 gas . In certain further embodiments, for example , the injec example , the internal combustion engine may operate at a tion system may comprise at least one booster gas injector cooler temperature and / or may run cleaner. configured to control delivery of at least a portion of said Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- booster gas to a location proximate at least one intake valve tus, methods, or systems to produce an oxygen -hydrogen gas of the engine . In certain embodiments, one or more than one mixture, such as an oxygen -rich , oxygen -hydrogen gas 45 (including for instance all ) of the following embodiments of mixture , or a hydrogen -rich oxygen -hydrogen gas mixture . the system or apparatus may comprise each of the other In certain embodiments , one or more than one ( including for embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for instance all ) of the following embodiments of the system or example, the booster gas may be a gas mixture of hydrogen apparatus may comprise each of the other embodiments or and oxygen . In certain embodiments, for example, the parts thereof. 50 source of the booster gas may be a gas mixture generation Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- system comprising: an electrolyte solution storage tank, an tus , methods, or systems to more reliably controlled gas electrolysis cell , and a gas mixture storage , wherein the mixture generation process . In certain embodiments, for electrolyte solution storage tank, the electrolysis cell , and example, the current provided for gas generation may be the gas mixture storage are integrated into a single unit . In continually or continuously regulated or controlled , for 55 certain embodiments, for example, delivery of the booster example , in real time ( or substantially real time ) , so a gas by each booster gas injector may occur during the predetermined quantity of gas is consistently produced. opening of a cylinder intake valve of the internal combustion Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- engine. In certain embodiments, for example , the injection tus, methods, or systems to utilize a substantially closed- system may further comprise a controller configured to input loop method of electrolysis that recycles a water - reagent (or 60 signals from at least one sensor, and configured to output a water - electrolyte or aqueous solution electrolysis compo- command to at least one actuator. In certain further embodi nent) mixture in an effort to reduce its consumption. ments, for example, the at least one sensor may comprise a Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- throttle position sensor and / or a manifold pressure sensor. In tus, methods, or systems capable of altering combustion ( for certain further embodiments, for example, the at least one example diesel combustion) chemistry to reduce particulate 65 actuator may comprise an injector solenoid . formation ( for example reduce particulate formation by Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a second greater than 5 % , for example between 8 % and 15 % or by fuel injection system for an internal combustion engine,
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comprising : a source of a second fuel, and an injection Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a gas system in fluid communication with said source of the mixture generation system , comprising: a housing, a bottom second fuel. In certain further embodiments, for example, internal portion inside the housing, comprising an electroly the injection system may comprise: at least one injector sis cell , and a top internal portion inside the housing , configured to control delivery of the second fuel, and aa line 5 comprising a gas mixture storage . having an inlet in fluid communication with the outlet of said Certain embodiments may provide , for example, a batch at least one injector and an outlet proximate at least one process for generating a gas mixture , comprising: filling a intake valve of the engine. In certain embodiments, for tank with an electrolyte solution , applying electrical power example , the second fuel may be may be a gas mixture of to an electrolysis cell inside the tank , generating gas mixture hydrogen and oxygen . In certain embodiments, for example the source of the second fuel may be a gas mixture genera, 10 inandthereleasing electrolysis cell, storing gas mixture inside the tank, tion system comprising: an electrolyte solution storage tank, a controller. gas mixture from the tank when requested by an electrolysis cell , and a gas mixture storage , wherein the electrolyte solution storage tank , the electrolysis cell , and forCertain embodiments may provide , for example, a tank generating and storing a gas mixture , comprising: an the gas mixture storage are integrated into a single unit . 15
Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method external housing , an electrolyte solution inside the external for improving performance of an internal combustion housing , and a hole in the external housing for filling the engine , comprising: multi -point variably injecting a second tank with the electrolyte solution, an electrolysis cell inside fuel directly into at least one intake port of the engine, the external housing comprising a plurality of substantially wherein the second fuel is a product of electrolysis of water 20 parallel plates including two side plates, at least one hole in and optionally one or more electrolytes and / or excipients. In each of the plurality of substantially parallel plates , a posi certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis may be tive electrode connected to one of the two side plates and a accomplished in a batch process comprising: filling a tank neg electrode connected to the other of the two side with an electrolyte solution, applying electrical power to an plates , holes in the external housing for the positive elec electrolysis cell inside the tank , generating gas mixture in 25 trode and for the negative electrode, a gas mixture storage the electrolysis cell , storing gas mixture inside the tank ( for above the electrolysis cell , and a hole in the external housing example storing the gas mixture inside the tank at a pressure for gas mixture outlet . In certain embodiments , for example, greater than atmospheric pressure) , and releasing at least a the electrolysis cell may be immersed in the electrolyte portion of the gas mixture from the tank when requested by solution such that a top portion of the electrolysis cell is aingcontroller . In certain embodiments, for example, the inject- 30 above the level of the electrolyte solution .
may be controlled by a controller. In certain further embodiments , for example, the controller may be configured fitted Certain embodiments may provide , for example, a retro to input signals from at least one sensor, and the controller HHO gas internal combustion engine configured to utilize an may be further configured to output a command to at least , comprising: an internal combustion engine com one actuator. In certain embodiments, for example, the 35 prising a plurality of combustion chambers, a retrofitted variably injecting may comprise changing pressure or flow multi-point HHO gas distribution system , a retrofitted multi rate of the second fuel. In certain embodiments, for example, point HHO gas distribution control system , and a multiplate the injecting may comprise injecting the second fuel by a electrolysis cell . In certain embodiments , for example, the plurality of second fuel injectors. In certain further embodi retrofitted multi -point HHO gas distribution system may ments, for example, the number of the plurality of second 40 comprise an HHO gas distribution harness comprising an fuel injectors may be the number of engine cylinders present HHO gas pressure regulator, a plurality of injectors, and a in the internal combustion engine. plurality of lances connected to the plurality of injectors. In Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a gas certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas pressure mixture generation system , comprising: a tank , one or more regulator may comprise a heat exchanger that is integrated sets of plates inside the tank , a gap between top edges of the 45 with a retrofitted engine coolant line . In certain embodi plates and the bottom wall of the tank , electrical connections ments, for example, the retrofitted multi-point HHO gas passing through the tank, insulating spacers between each distribution control system may be configured to control the pair of neighboring plates within each set of plates , an actuation of the injectors based on timing parameters of the electrolyte solution filling a portion of the tank from the internal combustion engine ( for example based on the timing bottom wall to a level below a top edge of the plates, and at 50 of air intake strokes of the plurality of combustion cham least one hole in each plate to allow a flow of the electrolyte
solution . In certain further embodiments, for example, the bers ). In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis tank may comprise a top wall , a plurality of side walls , and cell may be integrated with a retrofitted power supply a bottom wall . In certain further embodiments, for example, powered at least partially by the internal combustion engine. each of the one or more sets of plates may comprise a left 55 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS side plate , a right side plate, and one or more middle plates, wherein all plates of each set are substantially parallel to FIG . 1 is a schematic exploded view of a high pressure each other and substantially perpendicular to the top and bottom walls of the tank . In certain further embodiments, for container housing an n HHO gas production apparatus . example , the electrical connections may pass through the 60 FIG . 3 is a schematic view
a schematic of an electrolysis plate stack view of an electrolysis plate.
tank to each left side plate and to each right side plate
Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a gas FIG . 4 is a schematic view of an HHO gas distribution mixture generation system , comprising : an electrolyte solu harness with control wiring .
tion storage tank, an electrolysis cell , and a gas mixture FIG . 5 is a schematic view of a control circuit for a HHO storage, wherein the electrolyte solution storage tank , the 65 gas production apparatus.
electrolysis cell , and the gas mixture storage are integrated FIG . 6 is a schematic view of an HHO gas delivery into a single unit. system .
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FIG . 7 is a partial cross - sectional view of an intake port ignition switch controlled line 608. The CPU 606 provides equipped with a HHO gas injector and lance . a control signal through a control signal line 610 to a power relay 612 to regulate power to the apparatus 604. HHO gas
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE exits the apparatus 604 through an HHO gas outlet tubing INVENTION 5 614 and is passed through the regulator 616 and cooled with engine coolant circulated through engine coolant lines 618
Certain embodiments may provide , for example, an HHO ( A & B ). Cooled HHO gas is then transmitted through a gas production apparatus to provide a second fuel to an pressure regulated tubing 620 to an HHO gas injector internal combustion engine. FIG . 1 is aa schematic exploded manifold 622. The HHO gas injector manifold 622 distrib view of a high pressure container housing an HHO gas 10 utes production apparatus 100. The apparatus comprises an elec fittedportions with of the HHO gas through the set of injectors
trolysis cell 102 comprising a spaced stack of electrolysis plates 104 seated within an insulated plate holder compris 700. In operation , an cross
FIG . 7 is a partial - sectional view of an intake port
HHO injector 702 delivers HHO gas ing a lower portion 106 and an upper portion 108. The lower proximate an intake valve 704 of a cylinder 716 through an portion of the insulated plate holder 106 and the upper 15 portion of the insulated plate holder 108 are oriented with HHO injector lance 710 positioned in an intake port 712 for respect to each other via alignment pegs 110. Electrolyte the cylinder 716. The primary fuel, for example diesel or solution can be introduced and HHO gas removed from the gasoline , is feed into the combustion chamber 720 via the electrolysis cell through slots 112 in the upper portion of the fuel injector 706. HHO gas injection is timed relative to the insulated plate holder 108. The electrolysis cell 102 is 20 position of the piston 714 .
contained within a pressure resistant container comprising a Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a second top housing 114 and an insulated bottom cover 116. When fuel for improving the performance of an internal combus assembled, the lower rim 118 of the top housing is seated in tion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the inter a groove 120 of the insulated bottom cover 116. The pressure nal combustion engine may be a light duty high speed diesel resistant container is assembled and sealed with flange 25 engine, a light heavy -duty diesel engine, a medium duty assembly 122. The top housing further comprises an elec- diesel engine, a medium heavy -duty diesel engine, a heavy trolyte solution addition port 126 and gas removal port 128 . heavy -duty diesel engine, a nonroad engine, a stationary The bottom cover 116 further comprises power terminals engine, a locomotive engine, a marine engine, an aircraft 124 used to supply electricity to the electrolysis cell . engine, a generator set engine, a spark - ignition engine , a FIG. 2 depicts an electrolysis plate stack 104 comprising 30 compression -ignition engine, nonroad compression -ignition five spaced -apart substantially parallel electrolysis plates engine, a naturally aspirated engine , a turbocharged engine, 104A , 104B , 104C , 104D , and 104E . One of the power a turbocompound engine, a supercharged engine, a direct terminals 124 may be connected terminal conn or injection engine , an indirect injection engine, a port injection 105A . engine, a gasoline engine, a diesel engine, an ethanol engine, FIG . 3 depicts an electrolysis plate 104E comprising an 35 a methanol engine, a biofuel engine, a natural gas engine, a electrolyte solution flow port 107E , an electrolyte solution propane engine, or an alternative fuel engine. flow and gas removal port 109E , and optional power termi- In certain embodiments, for example, the internal com nal connector 105E . bustion engine may provide power to one or more vehicles FIG . 4 is a schematic view of an HHO gas distribution or gensets . In certain embodiments, for example , one of the harness with control wiring 400. The HHO gas distribution 40 one or more vehicles may be a passenger car, a light duty harness is shown with a communication line 412 , a voltage vehicle , a medium duty passenger vehicle , a truck ( for inverter 414 an audible alarm 416 and a programmable example a passenger truck or a delivery truck ), a light duty electronic control system ( ECS ) 410 in communication with truck , a medium duty truck , a heavy duty truck , an urban a programming unit 404 by the programming lines 406. The bus , a motorcycle , a passenger car, a four tire single unit ECS 410 optionally communicates with an engine control 45 vehicle, a bus , a two axle six tire single unit vehicle , a three unit (ECU) 408. The ECS 410 is in communication with axle single unit vehicle, a four or more axle single unit several sensors , including a knock sensor 418 , an exhaust vehicle , a four or less axle single trailer vehicle , a five axle temperature sensor 420 , and an HHO gas temperature sensor tractor semitrailer, a six or more axle singe trailer, a five or 422. In operation , HHO gas is introduced to a regulator 424 less axle multi- trailer, a six axle multi- trailer, a seven or via supply line 434 and cooled with engine coolant circu- 50 more axle multi - trailer, a Class 1 vehicle, a Class 2 vehicle , lated through engine coolant lines 426. Cooled HHO gas is a Class 3 vehicle, a Class 4 vehicle , a Class 5 vehicle , a Class passed through optional HHO line filter 428 and portions of 6 vehicle , a Class 7 vehicle , a Class 8 vehicle ( for example the HHO gas are introduced to HHO gas injectors 430A - H . a Class 8 truck ), a Class 9 vehicle , a Class 10 vehicle , aa Class The ECS is in electrical communication with the control 11 vehicle , a Class 12 vehicle, a Class 13 vehicle a Category wiring of the HHO production apparatus, not shown,via line 55 M vehicle, a Category M1 vehicle , a Category M2 vehicle, 432. FIG . 5 is a schematic view of a control circuit 500 for a Category M3 vehicle , a Category N1 - I vehicle, a Category a HHO gas production apparatus 502. Control relay 504 is N1 - II vehicle , a Category N1 - III vehicle , a Category N2 controlled by temperature switch 506 and pressure switch vehicle, a Category N3 vehicle, a road vehicle, an offroad 508. Control relay 504 controls , via control line 512 power vehicle, a vessel , a boat, a marine vehicle ( for example a relay 510 configured to regulate power to the HHO gas 60 pleasure boat), or an aircraft. In certain embodiments, for production apparatus 502. Power to the apparatus is passed example, the one or more gensets may be a residential genset through a hi- amp breaker 516 and power relay 510 via or a commercial genset or an industrial genset or a genset power line 514 . equipped with a 4 - cylinder engine, or a 6 -cylinder engine or FIG . 6 is a schematic view of an HHO gas delivery system between a 6-20 cylinder engine, or a 8 -cylinder engine or 600. In operation , a power source 602 provides power to an 65 from an 8- to 12 -cylinder engine and the engine may be a HHO gas production apparatus 604 and aa central processing mixed fuel engine, a diesel engine, a gasoline engine, and /or unit ( CPU) 606. The CPU 606 receives power through a natural gas engine.
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In certain embodiments, for example , the vehicle may be In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell a Class 8 truck comprising a heavy duty diesel engine. In may further comprise a first defined space may be config certain further embodiments , for example, the heavy duty ured to hold a volume of an electrolyte solution . In certain diesel engine may have a displacement in the range of 11-16 embodiments, for example, the first defined space may be
liters , for example in the range of 14-15 liters . In certain 5 configured to hold a volume of the electrolyte solution to further embodiments, for example, the heavy duty diesel supply a sufficient amount of HHO gas for at least 1 day of engine may have an engine speed of at least 1800 rpm , for operation of a host engine (i.e. , an engine or engines the example 2100 rpm . In certain further embodiments, for electrolysis cell is supplying second fuel to ) , for example at example , the heavy duty diesel engine may provide 1600- least 2 days of operation , at least 1 week of operation , at least 2000 ft- lb peak torque . In certain further embodiments , for 10 2 weeks of operation, at least 3 weeks of operation , at least example, the heavy duty diesel engine may be sized to 1 month of operation, at least 2 months of operation , at least produce 430-500 hp. 3 months of operation , or the first defined space may be In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle may be configured to hold a volume of the electrolyte solution to a delivery truck comprising a medium duty diesel engine. In supply a sufficient amount of HHO gas for at least 6 months certain further embodiments, for example, the medium duty 15 of operation of the host engine.
diesel engine may be a 6 cylinder inline engine. In certain In certain embodiments , for example , the first defined embodiments, for example, the medium duty diesel engine space may be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte may have a displacement in the range of 6-11 liters. solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least 200 miles In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle ( for of driving, for example at least 400 miles of driving, at least example a Dodge Ram truck or a Ford F150 truck ) may be 20 800 miles of driving, at least 1,200 miles of driving, at least a light truck comprising a light duty high speed diesel 5,000 miles of driving, at least 10,000 miles of driving, at engine. In certain further embodiments, for example, the least 20,000 miles of driving, or the first defined space may light duty high speed diesel engine may have a displacement be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to in the range of 2-6 liters . In certain embodiments, the light supply HHO gas to a truck for at least 30,000 miles of duty high speed diesel engine may have an engine speed of 25 driving. In certain embodiments, for example, the first 4000-4500 rpm . In certain embodiments, the light duty high defined space may be configured to hold a volume of speed diesel engine may be sized to produce 200-250 hp . In electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to aa truck for at least certain embodiments, for example, the light duty high speed 400,000 crankshaft rotations, for example at least 800,000 diesel engine may be a 6 -cylinder inline engine, a V6 engine, crankshaft rotations , at least 1,600,000 crankshaft rotations, or a V8 engine. 30 at least 2,400,000 crankshaft rotations, at least 10,000,000 In certain embodiments , for example, the vehicle may be crankshaft rotations , at least 20,000,000 crankshaft rota a pleasure boat comprising an internal combustion engine tions , at least 40,000,000 crankshaft rotations , or the first having a displacement in the range of 4-20 ers , for defined space may be configured hold a volume of example a displacement in the range of 4-8 liters , or the electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least internal combustion engine having a displacement in the 35 60,000,000 crankshaft rotations.
range of 8-18 liters. In certain embodiments, the second defined space may not In certain embodiments, for example, the engine may be be integrated into the high - pressure container where the a generator set engine having a displacement in the range of HHO gas generator is housed. The second defined space 6-60 liters . In certain further embodiments, for example, the may be a separate high -pressure housing configured to generator set engine may be a V8 , V12 , V16 , or V20 engine 40 receive HHO gas or be detachably connected to the HHO having an engine displacement of 2-6 liters per cylinder. In generator ( for example for remote or portable delivery ). In certain embodiments, for example , the generate set engine certain embodiments , the separate second defined space may may be sized to produce more than 1000 hp , for example the serve as an additional storage of HHO gas , a primary storage generator set engine may be sized to produce 1000-2000 hp . or secondary storage for HHO gas . In certain embodiments, Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an elec- 45 for example, the solution may comprise water and one or trolysis cell . In certain embodiments, for example, the more electrolytes. In certain further embodiments , for electrolysis cell may comprise a pressure -resistant container. example , the one or more electrolytes may comprise a metal In certain further embodiments, for example, the pressure- salt , such as a metal salt at least partially soluble in water. In resistant container may be configured and optionally rated to certain embodiments , for example, the one or more electro maintain a pressure in excess of 25 psig , for example a 50 lytes may be selected from the group consisting of: KOH , pressure in excess of 50 psig , in excess of 75 psig , in excess NaOH , Na2CO3 , NaHCO3 , NaCl , K2003 , KHCO3 , H2SO4 , of 100 psig , or the pressure - resistant container may be CH2COOH , and a combination of two or more thereof. configured and optionally rated to maintain a pressure in In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined excess of 150 psig . In certain embodiments, for example, the space may be configured to hold at least 1 -quart of the pressure - resistant container may be configured and option- 55 electrolyte solution , for example at least 1/2 gallon , at least 1 ally rated to maintain a pressure of up to 100 psig , a pressure gallon, or the first defined space may be configured to hold of up to 125 psig , up to 150 psig , or the pressure -resistant at least 5 gallons of the electrolyte solution . container may be configured and optionally rated to main- In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte tain a pressure of up to 200 psig . solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concen In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell 60 tration of one or more electrolytes of less than 5 vol . % (in may further comprise a pressure relief valve configured to total ) relative to the total volume of the electrolyte solution , open when a pressure of gas inside the container exceeds 25 for example less 4 vol . % , less than 3 vol . % , less than 2 vol . psig , for example a pressure in excess of 50 psig , in excess % , less than 1 vol . % , less than 0.5 vol . % , or the electrolyte of 80 psig , in excess of 100 psig , in excess of 150 psig , or solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concen the electrolysis cell may further comprise a pressure relief 65 tration of one or more electrolytes of less than 0.25 vol . % valve configured to open when a pressure of gas inside the (in total ) relative to the total volume of the electrolyte container exceeds 200 psig . solution . In certain embodiments , for example , the electro
Page 27
lyte solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a one of the end plates and the negative terminal may be concentration of one or electrolytes in the range of 0.1-5 vol . attached to the other of the end plates . In certain embodi % , for example in the range of0.5-3 vol . % or the electrolyte ments , for example, the plurality of electrolysis plates may solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concen- be fully immersed in the electrolyte solution . In certain tration of electrolyte in the range of 1.5-3 vol . % ( in total ) 5 embodiments, for example, the positive terminal and the relative to the total volume of the electrolyte solution . In negative terminal may be in electrical and or electrochemi certain embodiments , for example, the one or more electro cal communication only or at least substantially through the lytes may be selected from the group consisting of: KOH , plurality of plates and electrolyte solution present in the NaOH , Na2CO3, NaHCO3 , NaCl , K , CO3 , KHCO3 , H2SO4, regions between adjacent plates . In certain embodiments, for CH, COOH, and a combination of two or more thereof. In 10 example , electrical and /or electrochemical communication certain further embodiments , for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise an electrolyte solution , wherein the through the plurality of plates and electrolyte solution pres concentration of one or more electrolytes present in the ent ( for in the regions between adjacent plates may be increased example maximized) by insulating a portion of the electrolyte solution may be selected , maintained , and / or adjusted to provide a current draw of less than 20 amps (for 15 plurality of plates, for example by seating the stack of plates example less than 10 amps) at the operating voltage and in aa slot of the pressurized container and / or at least partially temperature of the electrolysis cell . In certain further isolating the fluid situated between adjacent plates in a plate embodiments, for example, the electrolyte concentration stack with spacers , gaskets, and or sealants between the may be lower than the concentration of electrolyte a con- adjacent plates .
ventional electrolysis cell . In certain embodiments, for 20 In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell example , the electrolyte solution may be exclusive of sul- may comprise cooling coils in the first defined space , furic acid . In certain embodiments, for example, the elec- whereby heat may be removed from the electrolyte solution . trolysis cell may be operated continuously ( for example In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell without pulsed width modulation ) for a period of time ( for may comprise a second defined space provisioned to contain example at least 10 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 1 25 and / or store HHO gas . In certain further embodiments, for hour, or indefinitely ) without overheating, for example with- example , the second defined space may contain and / or store out heating to a temperature in excess of 65 ° C. In certain air - free HHO gas . In certain embodiments, for example, the further embodiments , for example, an ability to operate the second defined space may have aa volume of at least 1 quart, electrolysis cell continuously without overheating may be at least 2 quarts, at least 1 gallon, at least 2 gallons , at least due at least in part to a low electrolyte concentration in the 30 5 gallons , at least 10 gallons , or the second defined space electrolyte solution and / or a current draw of less than 15 may have a volume of at least 25 gallons . In certain amps ( for example less than 10 amps ). embodiments, for example, the second defined space may In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell have a volume of less than 1 gallon , less than 5 gallons , less may further comprise a plurality of electrolysis plates . In than 10 gallons , or the second defined space may have a certain further embodiments, for example, the plurality of 35 volume of less than 25 gallons . In certain embodiments , for electrolysis plates may comprise in the range of 5-15 plates, example , the HHO gas may degrade, be changed , and / or be for example in the range of 7-12 plates, or the plurality of less effective ( for example be at least partially reacted or electrolysis plates may comprise in the range of 5-8 plates. quenched ) by exposure to air. In certain embodiments, for In certain embodiments, for example, each of the plurality example, the HHO may be stored air - free (or at least of electrolysis plates may have aa thickness in the of 0.25-3 40 substantially air - free) for at least 2 weeks ( for example at mm , for example in the range of 0.5-2.5 mm , or the plurality least 1 month ) without any noticeable change in perfor ofelectrolysis plates may have a thickness in the of 1-2 mm . mance when used as a second fuel in the internal combustion In certain embodiments, for example, a first one of the engine. In certain embodiments , plurality of electrolysis plates may be disposed at a distance Certain embodiments may provide , for example, an appa in the range of 0.25-8 mm from a second adjacent one of the 45 ratus for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion plurality of plates , for example a first one of the plurality of engine, comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the electrolysis plates may be disposed at a distance in the range HHO gas , and a gas flow regulator configured to start and of 0.5-3 mm from a second adjacent one of the plurality of stop a flow of the HHO gas from the electrolysis cell to a plates . plurality of injectors of the internal combustion engine. In In certain embodiments, for example , the plates may 50 certain further embodiments, for example, a gas exiting the comprise ( for example be composed of or be partially or gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a tempera completely coated with ) a material that is composed of or ture of greater than 35 ° C. , for example of greater than 40 ° comprises a highly conductive and low corrosivity material , C. , of greater than 50 ° C. , of greater than 60 ° C. , or the gas for example a material with a higher conductivity higher exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have than 304 stainless steel and aa corrosivity in the electrolyte 55 a temperature of greater than 70° C. environment of about the same or less than 304 stainless In certain further embodiments , for example, a gas exiting steel . In certain embodiments, for example, at least a portion the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a of at least one surface of at least one of the plurality of temperature of less than 90 ° C. , for example less than 80 ° C. , electrolysis plates may comprise platinum , titanium , less than 70 ° C. , less than 60 ° C. , or the gas exiting the gas iridium , brass , gold, nickel alloy, silver, graphene or a 60 pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature combination of one or more thereof. less than 45º C. In certain further embodiments, for In certain embodiments , for example, the plurality of example , a gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be plates may be configured as a stack of approximately controlled to have a temperature in the range of 5-80 ° C. , for parallel plates in fixed relation comprising two end plates example in the range of 10-80 ° C. , in the range of 5-75 ° C. , and remaining plates spaced an approximately equal dis- 65 in the range of 10-70 ° C. , in the range of 10-60 ° C. , in the tance between adjacent plates . In certain further embodi- range of 10-55 ° C. , in the range of 20-80 ° C. , in the range ments, for example, the positive terminal may be attached to of 10-80 ° C. , of less than 90 ° C. , for example less than 80 °
Page 28
C. , less than 70 ° C. , less than 60 ° C. , or the gas exiting the Certain embodiments may provide , for example, an appa gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a tempera- ratus for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion ture less than 45º C. engine, comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an appa HHO gas , and a gas distribution harness comprising a ratus for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion 5 plurality of lances configured to deliver the HHO gas to a engine, comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the plurality of intake ports of the internal combustion engine. HHO gas , and a gas distribution harness comprising a In certainofembodiments , for example, the number of the plurality of lances configured to deliver the HHO gas to a plurality lances may be equal to a number of the plurality intake ports of the internal combustion engine. of the injectors. In certain embodiments, for example, at Inplurality certainofembodiments , for example, the number of the 10 least one lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least one outlet, at least a second lance of the plurality of plurality of lances may be equal to a number of the plurality lances may comprise at least a second outlet, and at least a of the injectors. In certain embodiments, for example, at third lance least one lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at a third outletof. the plurality of lances may comprise at least In certain embodiments, for example , the at least one outlet , at least a second lance of the plurality of 15 least one outlet may be positioned within 3 cm ( for example lances may comprise at least a second outlet, and at least a within 1.5 cm , within 1 cm , within 0.5 cm , within 0.25 cm , third lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least within 0.125 cm , or the at least one outlet may be positioned a third outlet. In certain embodiments, for example, the at within 0.1 cm ) of an air flow port of a cylinder of a plurality least one outlet may be positioned within 3 inches ( for of cylinders of the internal combustion engine, the at least a example within 1.5 inches , within 1 inch , within 0.5 inches, 20 second outlet may be positioned within 3 cm ( for example within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches , or the at least one within 1.5 cm , within 1 cm , within 0.5 cm , within 0.25 cm , outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches ) of a an air flow within 0.125 cm , or the at least second outlet may be port of a cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internal positioned within 0.1 cm) of an air flow port of a second combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and the at least a third positioned within 3 inches ( for example within 1.5 inches , 25 outlet may be positioned within 3 cm ( for example within within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches , within 0.25 inches , within 1.5 cm , within 1 cm , within 0.5 cm , within 0.25 cm , within 0.125 inches , or the at least second outlet may be positioned 0.125 cm , or the at a least third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches ) of an air flow port of a second cylinder of within 0.1 cm) of an air flow port of a third cylinder of the the plurality of cylinders, and the at least aa third outlet may plurality of cylinders. In certain embodiments, for example, be positioned within 3 inches ( for example within 1.5 30 the at least one outlet may be positioned within 3 cm ( for inches , within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches , within 0.25 inches , example within 1.5 cm , within 1 cm , within 0.5 cm , within within 0.125 inches , or the at a least third outlet may be 0.25 cm , within 0.125 cm , or the at least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches ) of an air flow port of a third positioned within 0.1 cm ) of an engine valve seat of a cylinder of the plurality of cylinders. In certain embodi- plurality of engine valve seats of the internal combustion ments, for example, the at least one outlet may be positioned 35 engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned within within 3 inches ( for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 3 cm ( for example within 1.5 cm , within 1 cm , within 0.5 inch , within 0.5 inches , within 0.25 inches , within 0.125 cm , within 0.25 cm , within 0.125 cm , or the at least a second inches , or the at least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of a second engine inches ) of an engine valve seat of a plurality of engine valve valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats , and the at seats of the internal combustion engine, the at least a second 40 least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 cm ( for outlet may be positioned within 3 inches ( for example within example within 1.5 cm , within 1 cm , within 0.5 cm , within 1.5 inches , within 1 inch , within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 0.25 cm , within 0.125 cm , or the at least a third outlet may inches , within 0.125 inches, or the at least a second outlet be positioned within 0.1 cm) of a third engine valve seat of may be positioned within 0.1 inches ) of a second engine the plurality of engine valve seats . In certain embodiments , valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats , and the at 45 for example , the at least one outlet may be positioned within least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 inches ( for 3 cm ( for example within 1.5 cm , within 1 cm , within 0.5 example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch , within 0.5 inches, cm , within 0.25 cm , within 0.125 cm , or the at least one within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least aa third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of an orifice of an outlet maybe positioned within 0.1 inches ) of a third engine intake value of a cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats. In certain 50 internal combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet may be be positioned within 3 cm ( for example within 1.5 cm , positioned within 3 inches ( for example within 1.5 inches , within 1 cm , within 0.5 cm , within 0.25 cm , within 0.125 within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches , within 0.25 inches , within cm , or the at least second outlet may be positioned within 0.1 0.125 inches , or the at least one outlet may be positioned cm) of an orifice of an intake valve of a second cylinder of within 0.1 inches ) of an orifice of an intake value of a 55 the plurality of cylinders, and the at least aa third outlet may cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internal combus- be positioned within 3 cm ( for example within 1.5 cm , tion engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 1 cm , within 0.5 cm , within 0.25 cm , within 0.125 within 3 inches ( for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 cm , or the at least aa third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inch , within 0.5 inches , within 0.25 inches , within 0.125 cm) of an orifice of an intake valve of aa third cylinder of the inches , or the at least second outlet may be positioned within 60 plurality of cylinders.
0.1 inches) of an orifice of an intake valve of a second Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and the at least aa third for on -demand delivery of HHO gas for an internal com outlet may be positioned within 3 inches ( for example within bustion engine, comprising: an electrolysis cell for generat 1.5 inches , within 1 inch , within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 ing the HHO gas , a controller, and an HHO injection inches , within 0.125 inches, or the at least a third outlet may 65 apparatus. In certain further embodiments, for example, the be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an orifice of an intake controller may adjust the injection of HHO gas when an valve of aa third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders. exhaust temperature of the internal combustion engine
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exceeds one or more pre -determined temperatures. In certain temperature of 25 ° C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere . In further embodiments, the controller may adjust the injection certain embodiments, for example, the foregoing ranges of of HHO gas when an exhaust temperature of the internal the required amount of HHO gas may correspond to an combustion engine exceeds 50 ° C. , for example when the average hourly requirement over typical driving conditions, exhaust temperature exceeds 75 ° C. , 100 ° C. , 150 ° C. , 175 ° 5 for example an average hourly requirement over 10,000 C. , or the controller may adjust the injection of HHO gas miles or over 20,000,000 crankshaft rotations under typical when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustion driving conditions applicable to the vehicle . engine exceeds 200 ° C. In certain further embodiments, for In certain embodiments, for example, the required amount example, the controller may increase the injection of HHO of HHO gas may be in the range of 1-10 liters per hour or gas by in the range of 1-5 wt . % when an exhaust tempera- 10 per 120,000 crankshaft rotations , based on a gas temperature ture of the internal combustion engine exceeds one or more of within 20 ° C. of the temperature of engine coolant and a of the foregoing pre -determined temperatures, for example pressure of in the range of 40-50 psia , for example in the the controller may increase the injection of HHO gas by in range of 1.5-6 liters, in the range of 2-4 liters , or the required the range of 5-10 wt . % , increase the injection of HHO gas amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 2-3 liters per by in the range of 10-20 wt . % , increase the injection of 15 hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas HHO gas by in the range of 20-50 wt . % , increase the temperature of within 20 ° C. of the temperature of engine injection of HHO gas by in the range of 50-100 wt . % , coolant and a pressure of in the range of 40-50 psia . In increase the injection ofHHO gas by in the range of 100-150 certain embodiments, for example , the foregoing ranges of wt . % , or the controller may increase the injection of HHO the required amount of HHO gas may correspond to an gas by in the range of 150-200 wt . % when an exhaust 20 average hourly requirement over typical driving conditions , temperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds one for example an average hourly requirement over 10,000 or more of the foregoing pre -determined temperatures miles or over 20,000,000 crankshaft rotations under typical Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a system driving conditions applicable to the vehicle . for onboard, on -demand delivery of an HHO gas for an Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a system internal combustion engine ( for example for a vehicle ), 25 for onboard , on -demand delivery of an HHO gas for an comprising : an electrolysis cell configured to produce a internal combustion engine for a vehicle, comprising: an required amount of HHO gas ; and an HHO gas delivery electrolysis cell capable of delivering a required amount of system configured to distribute the HHO gas to the internal HHO gas of at least 1 liter of HHO . In certain embodiments, combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, for example , the electrolysis cell may be capable of deliv distribution of the HHO gas may comprise delivering a 30 ering at least 1.5 liters of HHO gas for every 120,000 portion of the required amount of HHO gas from the revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine, for example at electrolysis cell to a position proximate an orifice ( for least 2 liters , at least 3 liters , at least 4 liters , at least 5 liters , example within 3 inches of the least one fice) of a at least 6 liters, at least 7 liters , at least 10 liters , at least 20 combustion chamber intake valve , wherein said portion of liters , or the electrolysis cell may be capable of delivering at the HHO gas is not introduced to or mixed with combustion 35 least 30 liters of HHO gas for every 120,000 revolutions of intake air until said portion reaches said position and deliv- the crankshaft of the engine. In certain embodiments, for ering a pre -determined amount of a portion of the HHO gas example , the electrolysis cell may be capable of delivering at a pre - determined time relative to the position of the piston in the range of 1-10 liters of HHO gas for every 120,000 operating within the combustion chamber and / or firing of revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine , for example in that combustion chamber. In certain embodiments, for 40 the range of 1-8 liters of HHO gas , in the range of 2-7 liters example, the internal combustion engine may provide power of HHO gas , or the electrolysis cell may be capable of to a vehicle and the pre -determined amount of HHO gas may delivering in the range of 2-5 liters of HHO gas for every be generated by electrolyzing in the range of 2-30 ounces of 120,000 revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine. In electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 certain embodiments , for example, any of the above values crankshaft revolutions, for example in the range of 3-16 45 and / or ranges of the required amount may be based on the ounces of electrolyte solution , in the range of 4-10 , or the volume of HHO gas delivered from an electrolysis cell at the required amount of HHO gas may be generated by electro- outlet pressure of the electrolysis cell ( for example 45-50 lyzing in the range of 5-7 ounces ( for example 6 ounces ) of psia) . In certain embodiments , for example, any of the above electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 values and / or ranges of the required amount may be based crankshaft revolutions . In certain embodiments, for 50 on a volume of HHO gas as calculated at a standard example, the internal combustion engine may provide power temperature and pressure ( for example , a standard tempera to a vehicle and the required amount of HHO gas may be in ture of 25 ° C. and a standard pressure of 1 atmosphere ). In the range of 300-1000 liters per 10,000 miles or per 20,000 , certain embodiments, for example e , any of the above values 000 crankshaft revolutions , based on a gas temperature of and / or ranges of the required amount may be based on the 25 ° C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere, for example in the 55 volume of the HHO gas at the outlet temperature and range of 300-900 liters , in the range of 400-800 liters, in the pressure of an engine coolant - cooled flow regulator in range of 500-700 liters , or the required amount of HHO gas communication with at least one HHO gas injector ( for maybe in the range of600-700 liters per 10,000 miles or per example an outlet temperature within 20 ° C. of the tem 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, based on a gas tempera- perature of engine coolant entering the flow regulator and a ture of 25 ° C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere. 60 pressure of 45 psi above an inlet air pressure of the internal In certain embodiments, for example, the required amount combustion engine.
of HHO gas may be in the range of 1-10 liters per hour or In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature may store a volume of HHO gas sufficient to deliver the of 25 ° C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere, for example in the required amount of HHO gas for at least 5,000 crankshaft range of 2-7 liters, in the range of 3-4.5 liters, or the required 65 revolutions of the internal combustion engine, for example amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 3.5-4.5 liters per at least 10,000 crankshaft revolutions, 15,000 crankshaft hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas revolutions, 20,000 crankshaft revolutions, or the electroly
Page 30
sis cell may store a volume of HHO gas sufficient to deliver embodiments, for example , one or more engine - out emis the required amount of HHO gas for at least 50,000 crank- sions of the internal combustion engine may fall within or shaft revolutions of the internal combustion engine . In meet one or more regulated emission limits for the internal certain further embodiments, for example, the temperature combustion engine according to one or more emission of the electrolysis cell may not exceed 80 ° C. during 5 standards specified in Europe ( for example the Euro I , Euro operation , for example the temperature of the electrolysis II , Euro III , Euro IV, Euro V , or Euro VI emission standards ) cell may not exceed may not exceed 65 ° C. during operation. and / or by the Environmental Protection Agency ( for In certain embodiments , for example , the temperature of the example the 2002 , 2004 , 2007 , 2010 , or 2014 Environmental electrolysis cell may not exceed 25 ° C. above ambient Protection Agency emission standards ).
temperature. 10 In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell engine -out emissions may be particulate matter ( PM) emis may be powered by a DC power source having a voltage in sions , nitrogen oxide (NOx ) emissions, nitric oxide (NO ) the range of 11-30 VDC , for example 11-14 VDC , the emissions , nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions , hydrocarbon electrolysis cell may be powered by a DC power source (HC ) emissions, total hydrocarbon ( THC ) emissions, non having a voltage in the range of 20-28 VDC . In certain 15 methane hydrocarbon (NMHC ) emissions , hydrocarbon and embodiments, for example , the electrolysis cell may be nitrogen oxide (HC + NOx) emissions, nitrogen oxide and powered by a DC power source having a voltage of 24 VDC , non -methane hydrocarbon (NOx + NMHC ) emissions, car or the electrolysis cell may be powered by a DC power bon oxide ( CO ) emissions , carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions , source having a voltage of 28 VDC . fine particle ( PM2,5 ) emissions , ultrafine particle (PM..1 ) In certain further embodiments, for example, the elec- 20 emissions , number of particles (PN) emissions , non -meth trolysis cell may comprise an electrolyte solution , wherein ane organic gases (NMOG ) emissions, formaldehyde the concentration of electrolyte present in the electrolyte (HCHO ) emissions , or a combination of one or more of the solution may be selected , maintained , and / or adjusted to foregoing emissions.
provide a current draw of less than 20 amps, 15 amps, or less In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or than 10 amps at the operating temperature of the electrolysis 25 more regulated emission limits may be based on one or more cell . In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis test procedures. In certain embodiments, for example, the cell may be configured to operate on less than 250 watts of one or more test procedures may be the Federal Test DC power, for example the electrolysis cell may be config- Procedure (FTP ) , the Environmental Protection Agency ured to operate on less than 150 watts of DC power. In Transient Test Procedure , the Not - to - Exceed (NTE ) test , the certain embodiments , for example, the electrolysis cell may 30 Supplemental Emission Test ( SET ) , the Urban Dynamom be configured to have less than 20 ohm of resistance, for eter Driving Schedule (UDDS ), the FTP 72 cycle , the FTP example less than 10 ohm , less than 5 ohm , or the electroly- 75 cycle , the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule sis cell may be configured have less than 3 ohm of (UDDS ), the US06 test or Supplemental Federal Test Pro resistance. In certain embodiments, for example, the elec- cedure ( SFTP ) , the LA92 “ Unified ” Dynamometer Driving trolysis cell may be configured to have at least 1 ohm of 35 Schedule , the New European Driving Cycle test (NEDC ), resistance , for example at least 2 ohm , at least 3 ohm , at least the Extra Urban Driving Cycle ( EUDC ), the ECE Urban 5 ohm , at least 10 ohm , at least 20 ohm , or the electrolysis Driving Cycle , the Common Artemis Driving Cycles cell may be configured to have at least 30 ohm of resistance . (CADC ) , the ADAC Highway Cycle , the RTS 95 Cycle , the Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a ECE R49 cycle , the ESC ( OICA) cycle , the ELR cycle , the method, apparatus, or system to deliver HHO gas into one or 40 ETC (FIGE) cycle , the Exhaust Emission Standards for more cylinders of an internal combustion engine. In certain Nonroad Compression -Ignition Engines , according to 40 embodiments, for example, less than 0.05 liter of the HHO C.F.R. Part 89 Subpart E , according to 40 C.F.R. Part 1039 gas per liter of cylinder displacement may be delivered to Subpart F, or a combination of two or more thereof. each of the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or 300 kPa ( for example less than 200 kPa , less than 150 kPa , 45 more regulated emission limits may be a PM level of less or less than 110 kPa ), less than 0.025 liter of the HHO gas than 1.0 grams per kilowatt-hour ( g /kW -hr ), for example a per liter of cylinder displacement may be delivered to each PM level of less than 0.02 g /kW -hr. In certain embodiments , of the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 for example , one of the one or more regulated emission kPa ( for example less than 200 kPa , less than 150 kPa, or limits may be a PM level of less than 0.25 grams per less than 110 kPa) , less than 0.01 liter of the HHO gas per 50 kilometer ( g /km ), for example a PM level of less than 0.005 liter of cylinder displacement may be delivered to each of g /km . In certain embodiments, for example , one of the one the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 kPa or more regulated emission limits may be a NOx level of less ( for example less than 200 kPa , less than 150 kPa , or less than 15.8 g /kWh, for example a NOx level ofless than 0.268 than 110 kPa) , or less than 0.005 liter of the HHO gas per g /kWh. In certain embodiments, for example , one of the one liter of cylinder displacement may be delivered to each of 55 or more regulated emission limits may be a NOx level of less the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 kPa than 0.78 g /km , for example a NOx level of less than 0.012 ( for example less than 200 kPa , less than 150 kPa , or less g /km . In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one
than 110 kPa) . or more regulated emission limits may be an HC level of less Certain embodiments may provide, for example, method than 2.6 g /kWh, for example an HC level of less than 0.13 for reducing one or more emissions of an internal combus- 60 g /kWh. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one tion engine, comprising: controlling a temperature of an or more regulated emission limits may be aa THC level of less HHO gas by exchanging heat with an engine coolant; and than 0.29 g /km a THC level of less than 0.10 g /km . In certain delivering an HHO gas at the controlled temperature to at embodiments, for example , one of the one or more regulated least one intake port of the internal combustion engine. In emission limits may be an NMHC level of less than 1.3 certain embodiments, one or more than one ( including for 65 g /kW -hr, for example an NMHC level of less than 0.19 instance all ) of the following embodiments may comprise g /kW -hr. In certain embodiments, for example , one of the each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain one or more regulated emission limits may be an NMHC
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level of less than 0.108 g /km , for example an NMHC level example, use of the engine coolant to control the tempera of less than 0.068 g /km . In certain embodiments, for ture of the HHO gas and / or controlling the introduction example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits pressure of the HHO gas ( for example by using a pressure may be an NMHC +NOx level of less than 21.4 g /kW -hr, for regulator) may allow pre - determined amounts of the HHO example an NMHC +NOx level of less than 4.0 g /kW - hr. In 5 gas to be introduced to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example , one of the one or more certain embodiments, for example, the aforesaid tempera regulated emission limits may be an HC +NOx level of less ture and / or pressure controls may provide more precise than 1.7 g /km , for example an HC + NOx level of less than control over the amount of HHO gas introduced into the 0.170 g /km . In certain embodiments, for example , one of the internal combustion engine in comparison to a system one or more regulated emission limits may be a CO level of 10 lacking said controls ( for example a traditional system for less than 53.6 g /kW -hr, for example a CO level of less than introducing electrolysis gases into an internal combustion 1.0 g /kW -hr. In certain embodiments, for example , one of engine ).
the one or more regulated emission limits may be a CO level Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara of less than 6.9 g /km , for example a CO level of less than tus, methods, or systems to improve the performance of an 0.50 g /km . In certain embodiments, for example, one of the 15 internal combustion engine . In certain embodiments , for one or more regulated emission limits may be aa NMOG level example, the internal combustion engine may include gaso of less than 0.28 g /mi, for example a NMOG level of less line engines, diesel engines, turbocharged diesel engines, than 0.01 g /mi. In certain embodiments, for example, one of supercharged diesel engines , direct injection diesel engines, the one or more regulated emission limits may be an HCHO trunk -piston diesel engines , crosshead diesel engines , level of less than 0.032 g /mi, for example an HCHO level of 20 marine diesel engines, locomotive diesel engines, low - speed less than 0.004 g /mi. In certain embodiments, for example, diesel engines, medium -speed diesel engines, high - speed one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a diesel engines, double - acting diesel engines, 2 - stroke PN level of less than 6 * 1012 , for example a PN level of less engines, 4 - stroke engines and combinations thereof. In cer than 6 * 1011 . tain embodiments, for example, internal combustion engines Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method 25 may realize a fuel economy increase of at least 1 % , for of delivering HHO gas to a combustion chamber of an example at least 2 % , at least 3 % , at least 4 % , at least 5 % , at internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments , for least 10% , at least 15 % , at least 20 % , at least 25 % , at least example , the HHO gas may be delivered at a controlled 30% , at least 35 % , at least 40 % , at least 45 % , at least 50 % , temperature. In certain further embodiments, for example, or more . In certain embodiments, for example, the fuel the controlled temperature may be within 20 ° C. of an 30 economy increase may be in the range of between 1-50 % , engine coolant temperature ( for example the temperature of for example between 1-5 % , between 5-10% , between an inlet coolant supplied to an inlet side of a heat exchanger 5-25 % , between 7-12 % , between 10-20% , between 15-25 % , positioned upstream of the combustion chamber, such as between 20-25 % , between 20-30 % , between 20-50 % , positioned proximate a regulator for HHO gas flow into the between 30-35 % , between 30-38 % , between 40-50 % , combustion chamber ), for example the temperature may be 35 between 40-45 % , or between 44-50% . within 15 ° C. , within 10 ° C. , or the controlled temperature In certain embodiments, for example , internal combustion may be within 5 ° C. of an engine coolant temperature . In engines may realize aa fuel economy increase of at least 1 % , certain further embodiments , for example, the controlled for example at least 2 % , at least 3 % , at least 4 % , at least 5 % , temperature may be no more than 20 ° C. above an engine at least 10 % , at least 15 % , at least 20 % , at least 25 % , at least coolant temperature ( for example the temperature of an inlet 40 30% , at least 35 % , at least 40 % , at least 45 % , at least 50 % , coolant supplied to an inlet side of aa heat exchanger ), for or more . In certain embodiments, for example, the fuel example the temperature may be no more than 15 ° C. , no economy increase may be in the range of between 1-50 % , more than 10 ° C. , or the controlled temperature may be no for example between 1-5 % , between 5-10% , between more than 5º C. above an engine coolant temperature. In 5-25 % , between 7-12 % , between 10-20% , between 15-25 % , certain further embodiments, for example , the controlled 45 between 20-25 % , between 20-30 % , between 20-50 % , temperature may be no more than 20 ° C. below an engine between 30-35 % , between 30-38 % , between 40-50 % , coolant temperature ( for example the temperature of an inlet between 40-45 % , or between 44-50% . coolant supplied to an inlet side of a heat exchanger ), for Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara example the temperature may be no more than 15 ° C. , no tus, methods, or systems to achieve substantially complete more than 10 ° C. , or the controlled temperature may be no 50 combustion , or at least more complete combustion , within more than 5 ° C. below an engine coolant temperature. the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may example, more complete combustion may be more than be under pressure when introduced to an internal combus- 10% , for example more than 20 % , more than 30 % , more tion engine . In certain embodiments, for example , the HHO than 40 % , more than 50% , more than 60 % , more than 70 % , gas may be introduced at a pressure in the range of 50-500 55 more than 80 % , more than 90 % , or more than 99 % com kPa above the pressure of an intake port of the combustion bustion of the hydrocarbon fuel provided to the internal chamber of the internal combustion engine, for example in combustion engine. In certain embodiments , for example, the range of 50-300 kPa above the pressure of an intake port, substantially complete combustion may be more than 80 % , in the range of 100-200 kPa , in the range of 45-50 psi , or the for example more than 85 % , more than 90% , more than HHO gas may be introduced at a pressure in the range of 60 95 % , more than 96 % , more than 97 % , more than 98 % , or 100-150 kPa above the pressure of an intake port of the more than 99 % combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel pro combustion chamber. vided to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara be introduced at a pressure in the range of 45-50 psi above tus, methods, or systems to improve the operation of the the pressure of an intake port combustion chamber and at a 65 internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, one or temperature within 30 ° C. of an inlet coolant supplied to an more than one ( including for instance all ) of the following inlet side of a heat exchanger. In certain embodiments , for embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments
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or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the oxygen ratio of less than 2 : 1 , for example a hydrogen to internal combustion engine may operate at a cooler tem- oxygen ratio of 1.8 : 1 or less , such as 1.7 : 1 or less , 1.5 : 1 or perature and / or may run cleaner. In certain embodiments, for less , 1.3 : 1 or less , by removing, or recycling, a portion of the example , the internal combustion engine may generate more hydrogen from the gas mixture prior to delivery. Alterna power for the same or lower amount of fuel. In certain 5 tively, in certain embodiments, for example , an apparatus, embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine method , or system may generate hydrogen and oxygen at a may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for effi- hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2 : 1 , but some of the hydrogen cient operation of exhaust aftertreatment systems . In certain or oxygen, for example oxygen, may be trapped in bubbles , embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine and the apparatus, method , or system may be configured to may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for effi- 10 release the trapped oxygen to effectively deliver more oxy cient operation of diesel particulate filter ( DPF ) . In certain gen to the internal combustion engine. embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for effi- tus, methods, or systems to produce a gas mixture that is cient operation of selective catalytic reactor ( SCR) . In approximately two parts oxygen to one part hydrogen ( for certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion 15 example 2 : 1 ) or less than 2 : 1 ( for example 1.75 : 1 , 1.5 : 1 , engine may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for 1.25 : 1 , 1 : 1 , etc. ) . In certain embodiments, for example, the
efficient operation of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC ) . In electrolysis process may generate an oxygen to hydrogen certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion ratio of between 1.8 : 1 to 2.3 : 1 , for example an oxygen to engine may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for hydrogen ratio of 2 : 1 ratio , and the system may be config efficient operation of NOx trap. 20 ured to deliver a gas mixture having an oxygen to hydrogen Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- ratio of less than 2 : 1 , for example an oxygen to hydrogen tus , methods, or systems to introduce a second fuel ( for ratio of 1.8 : 1 or less , 1.7 : 1 or less , 1.5 : 1 or less , 1.3 : 1 or less
example a second fuel exclusive of a petroleum -derived by removing, adding or recycling a portion of the hydrogen fuel) into an internal combustion engine. In certain embodi- or oxygen from the gas mixture prior to delivery. In certain ments, for example , the second fuel ( or booster gas or 25 embodiments, for example, the system may generate an enhancement gas ) comprises hydrogen , oxygen and / or mix- oxygen to hydrogen ratio of less than 3.5 : 1 , less than 3 : 1 , tures thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the less than 2.75 : 1 , less than 2.5 : 1 .
second fuel may substantially comprise hydrogen , oxygen Certain embodiments may provide , for example, appara and / or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, for tus , methods, or systems to result in a more reliably con example , the second fuel may predominantly comprise 30 trolled gas mixture generation process. In certain embodi hydrogen , oxygen and / or mixtures thereof. In certain ments, for example , the current provided to the system for embodiments, for example, the second fuel may be a product gas generation may be continually or continuously regulated of electrolysis . or con for example , in real time ( or substantially real Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- time) , so as to provide predetermined or controlled quantity tus, methods, or systems to produce an oxygen -hydrogen gas 35 of gas , for example, in relation to the engine speed and / or mixture ( for example an oxygen -hydrogen gas mixture for demand.
use as a second fuel in an internal combustion engine ). In Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara certain embodiments, for example , the gas mixture may be tus , methods , or systems to utilize a substantially closed an oxygen -rich or hydrogen - rich a gas mixture . In certain loop system that recycles a water -reagent (or water-electro embodiments, for example , the gas mixture may comprise at 40 lyte or aqueous solution electrolysis component) mixture in least one or more of the following aqueous solution elec- an effort to reduce its consumption.
trolysis components: monatomic oxygen , diatomic oxygen , Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara monatomic hydrogen , diatomic hydrogen , hydrogen ions , tus, methods, or systems to alter combustion ( for example oxygen ions , mononuclear oxygen , mononuclear ozone , diesel combustion ) chemistry to reduce particulate forma singlet oxygen, hydroxide ions , hydronium ions , superoxide, 45 tion . In certain embodiments, for example, internal combus hydrogen superoxide, hydroxide radical, peroxide radical , tion engines may realize a reduction in particulate formation ionic peroxide, combinations of one or more of these and / or of greater than 5 % , greater than 10% , greater than 15 % , mixtures of the same. In certain embodiments, for example, greater than 20 % , greater than 25 % , greater than 30 % , in exemplary embodiments , the gas mixture may be a gas greater than 35 % , greater than 40 % , greater than 50 % ,
mixture comprising at least hydrogen ions and oxygen ions , 50 greater than 60 % , greater than 75 % , greater than 80 % , or diatomic oxygen and diatomic hydrogen, or oxygen ion greater than 90 % , greater than 95 % or close to 100 % . and diatomic oxygen , etc. Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- tus, methods, or systems to increase the concentration of an tus , methods, or systems to produce a gas mixture that is oxidizer in an internal combustion engine. In certain approximately two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen (for 55 embodiments, for example, the increase in the amount of example 2 : 1 ) or less than 2 : 1 ( for example 1.75 : 1 , 1.5 : 1 , oxidizers may be at least 5 % , at least 10 % , at least 15 % , at 1.25 : 1 , 1 : 1 , 0.75 : 1 , or 0.5 : 1 ) . In certain embodiments , for least 20% , at least 25 % , at least 30 % , at least 35 % , at least example , the gas mixture produced may be modified before 40% , at least 45 % , or at least 50% . In certain embodiments , being delivered to the internal combustion engine. In certain for example, the increase in the amount of oxidizers may be embodiments , for example, the gas mixture may be com- 60 between 5-50 % , such as between 10-20 % , between 15-25 % , bined with an additive and / or the composition of the gas between 20-30 % , between 25-35 % , between 30-40 % , mixture may be modified by adding , recycling or removing between 35-45 % , or between 40-50% .
portions of the gas mixture . In certain embodiments, for Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara example, the electrolysis process may generate a hydrogen tus, methods, or systems that serve as a mechanism for to oxygen ratio of between 1.8 : 1 to 2.3 : 1 , for example a 65 distributing the oxidizer for more even air / fuel mixture . hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2 : 1 and the system may be Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara configured to deliver a gas mixture having a hydrogen to tus, methods, or systems to generate a gas mixture that is an
Page 33
accelerant to speed combustion , enhance combustion , and / or relatively hard plastic portion with a first thickness for increase the extent of combustion . maintaining the predetermined distance between adjacent Certain embodiments may provide, for example , appara- plates , and a relatively soft sealing portion, typically, a soft, tus, methods, or systems to displace air with oxygen and / or often rubber or rubber -like portion, with a second thickness hydrogen within the engine’s intake system . In certain 5 for maintaining the substantially airtight and substantially embodiments , one or more than one (including for instance watertight seal between adjacent ones of the plurality of all ) of the following embodiments may comprise each of the plates.
other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments , In certain embodiments, for example, the system or for example, an apparatus, method, or system may displace apparatus may further comprise a controller configured to air within the engine's intake system with the gas mixture , 10 apply a pulse width modulated voltage to the cell to generate resulting from the gas mixture generator system . In certain the gas mixture within the cell . In certain further embodi embodiments , for example, an apparatus, method, or system ments, for example, the controller may be configured to may be used to create a shorter combustion process that regulate the current provided to the cell by controlling the lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing the forma- duty cycle of the pulse width modulated voltage . In certain tion of nitrogen oxides . In certain embodiments, for 15 embodiments, for example , the duty cycle may be controlled example, an apparatus, method, or system may generate a in real time and / or substantially real time . gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an aqueous solu- In certain embodiments , for example, the system or tion and introducing at least a portion of the gas mixture into apparatus may further comprise an output for outputting the the engine's intake for improved combustion . In certain gas mixture to the internal combustion engine. embodiments , for example, an apparatus, method, or system 20 In certain embodiments , for example , the gas mixture may may generate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an be input into the tank prior to being output to the internal aqueous solution and introducing a substantial portion ( for combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, example greater than 95 wt . % ) , of the gas mixture into the the gas mixture may be output to the internal combustion engine’s intake for improved combustion . In certain engine without being input into the tank . In certain embodi embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system 25 ments , for example, the gas mixture may be stored in the
may generate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an tank without being output to the internal combustion engine aqueous solution and storing the gas mixture in a storage under certain operating conditions . In certain embodiments, tank instead of introducing the gas mixture into the engine's for example, the gas generation system or apparatus may be intake. In certain embodiments , for example, an apparatus, integral with the gas storage tank .
method, or system may generate an optimized or partially 30 In certain embodiments, for example, the tank may be optimized quantity of a gas mixture, such as a gas mixture manufactured of aa material that is non -conductive. having one or more aqueous solution electrolysis compo- In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte may nents, into the engine's intake for improved combustion . In be a metal salt , such as a metal salt at least partially soluble certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or in water. In certain embodiments , for example, the electro system may be configured to produce in the range of 35 lyte may be one selected from the group consisting of: KOH , between 1-7.5 liters of gas per minute, such as 1.2 , 1.7 , 2.0, NaOH , Na , CO3, NaHCO3, NaCl , K2CO3,) KHCO3 , H2SO4, 2.9 , 3.5 , 5.0 , or 7.0 liters of gas per minute, and / or produce CH3COOH , and aa combination of two or more thereof. in the range of between 0.08-0.75 liters of gas per minute per In certain embodiments, for example, the size of the tank liter of engine displacement, such as 0.1 , 0.12 , 0.17 , 0.20 , may be selected such that the aqueous solution occupies less 0.25 , 0.29 , 0.3 , 0.32 , 0.35 , 0.4 , 0.45 , 0.50 , 0.6 , or 0.70 liters 40 than 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 43, or 3/4, the volume of the tank during of gas per minute per liter of engine displacement. In certain operation. In certain embodiments , for example, the tank embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method , or system may have a capacity of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , or 10 liters. In may be configured to produce in the range of between 0.25-3 certain embodiments ( for example for larger applications), liters of gas per minute, such as between 0.25-2.5 , between for example, the tank may be even larger. In certain embodi 0.25-2 , between 0.25-1.5 , between 0.25-1 , between 0.25- 45 ments, for example, the system or apparatus may comprise 0.50 , between 0.50-0.75 , between 0.5-2.5 , between 0.5-1.5 ,multiple tanks.
between 0.75-1 , between 1-2 , between 1-3 , between 1-1.5 , In certain embodiments, for example, the cell may com between 1.25-1.75 , between 1.5-2 , between 2-2.5 , between prise at least two plates , a first plate configured to be coupled 2.5-3 liters of gas per minute . to a positive terminal of a voltage source and aa second plate Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a system 50 configured to be coupled to a negative terminal of the or apparatus to generate a gas mixture for use with an voltage source . In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine, the system or apparatus com- cell may further comprise at least one neutral plate config prising a tank configured to store an aqueous solution ured in a series relationship to the first plate and the second consisting essentially of water and a predetermined quantity plate . In certain embodiments , for example, the cell may of electrolyte (reagent). In certain embodiments, one or 55 comprise at least 2 , at least 3 , at least 4 , at least 5 , at least more than one ( including for instance all ) of the following 6 , at least 7 , at least 8 , at least 9 , at least 10 , at least 11 , at
embodiments of the system or apparatus may comprise each least 12 , at least 13 , at least 14 , or at least 15 neutral plates. of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain In certain embodiments, for example, the number of neutral embodiments, for example, the system or apparatus may plates may be selected to obtain a desired voltage drop further comprise a cell ( i.e. , an electrolytic cell ) configured 60 between the plates .
for aiding in the electrolysis of the aqueous solution . In In certain embodiments , for example , the soft rubber certain further embodiments, for example, the cell may portion of the at least one seal may be positioned on an inner comprise a plurality of plates arranged substantially parallel edge of the hard plastic portion of the seal . to one another and be spaced substantially equidistant from In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber an adjacent one of the plurality of plates , and at least one seal 65 portion may be located on the outer edge of hard plastic located between the plurality of plates. In certain embodi- portion . In certain embodiments, for example, the seal may ments , for example , the at least one seal may comprise a comprise at least two soft plastic portions a first soft
Page 34
plastic portion may be located between the interface of the example, the internal combustion engine may operate at a hard plastic portion and a first one of the adjacent plates and cooler temperature and / or may run cleaner. a second soft plastic portion may be located between the Certain embodiments may provide , for example, appara interface of the hard plastic portion and a second one of the tus, methods, or systems to produce an oxygen -hydrogen gas adjacent plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the 5 mixture, such as an oxygen -rich, oxygen -hydrogen gas soft plastic portion may surround the hard plastic portion of mixture , or a hydrogen -rich oxygen -hydrogen gas mixture . the seal . In certain embodiments, for example, the thickness In certain embodiments, one or more than one ( including for of the soft rubber portion may be larger than the thickness instance all ) of the following embodiments of the system or of the hard plastic portion of the seal . In certain embodi- apparatus may comprise each of the other embodiments or ments, for example, the hard plastic portion may be 0.002" , 10 parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example , the gas 0.003 " , 0.004 ", 0.005 ", 0.006 " , 0.007 " , 0.008 " , 0.009 ", mixture may be a low temperature plasma . In certain 0.010 " , 0.0125 ", 0.025 " , 0.0375 " , 0.050 ", 0.0625 " , or 0.075 " . embodiments , for example, the plasma may be a cleaner thick . In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber plasma than that produced by other systems and / or methods. portion may be 0.002 ", 0.003 " , 0.004 " , 0.005 ", 0.006 " , In certain embodiments, for example, the plasma may be an 0.007" , 0.008 " , 0.009" , 0.010 " , 0.011 ", 0.012 , 0.13 " , 15 oxygen rich plasma . In certain embodiments, for example, 0.014 " , 0.030 " , 0.038 " , 0.055 " , 0.0675 " , or 0.080 " thick . In the gas mixture may be an oxygen -rich or a hydrogen - rich
certain embodiments, for example, the hard plastic portion gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas may be manufactured from a material selected such that the mixture may comprise at least one or more of the following: hard plastic portion does not significantly react with the aqueous solution electrolysis components: monatomic oxy aqueous solution . In certain embodiments , for example, the 20 gen , diatomic oxygen , monatomic hydrogen, diatomic hard plastic portion may be manufactured from high density hydrogen, hydrogen ions , oxygen ions , mononuclear oxy polyethylene (HDPE ) , polyphthalamide (PPA ), styrene, gen , mononuclear, ozone , singlet oxygen, hydroxide ions , nylon, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments , for hydronium ions, superoxide, hydrogen superoxide, hydrox example, the soft rubber portion may be manufactured from ide radical , peroxide radical, ionic peroxide, combinations a material selected such that the soft rubber portion does not 25 of one or more of these and / or mixtures of the same . In significantly react with the aqueous solution . In certain certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be embodiments, for example , the soft rubber portion may be a gas mixture comprising at least hydrogen ions and oxygen manufactured from ethylene propylene diene monomer ions , or diatomic oxygen and diatomic hydrogen, or oxygen ( EPDM) . ion and diatomic oxygen, etc. In certain embodiments, for In certain embodiments , for example, the internal com- 30 example, the oxygen -hydrogen gas mixture may be an bustion engine may be a turbocharged diesel engine and the oxygen -rich gas mixture, an oxygen -hydrogen gas mixture, gas mixture may be input into the turbocharged diesel engine or a hydrogen - rich oxygen -hydrogen gas mixture. In certain up sti im of an intake valve or valves . In certain embodi- embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may comprise ments, for example, the internal combustion engine may approximately two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen ( for comprise a nonroad engine, a stationary engine, a locomo- 35 example a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of 2 : 1 ) or less than tive engine, a marine engine, an aircraft engine, or a gen- 2 : 1 ( for example a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of less than erator set engine. In certain embodiments, for example , the 1.75 : 1 , less than 1.5 : 1 , less than 1.25 : 1 , less than 1 : 1 , less internal combustion engine may comprise a spark -ignition than 0.75 : 1 , or a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of less than engine, a compression - ignition engine, a naturally aspirated 0.5 : 1 , etc. ) . In certain embodiments, for example, the gas engine, a turbocharged engine, a turbocompound engine, a 40 mixture produced may be modified before being delivered to supercharged engine, a direct injection engine, an indirect the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for injection engine, or a port injection engine. In certain example, the gas mixture may be combined with an additive embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine and /or the composition of the gas mixture may be modified may comprise a gasoline engine, a diesel engine, an ethanol by adding or removing portions of the gas mixture. In certain engine, a methanol engine, a biofuel engine, a natural gas 45 embodiments, for example, an electrolysis process may engine, a propane engine, or an alternative fuel engine. generate a gas mixture having a hydrogen to oxygen ratio in In certain embodiments, for example, the scrubber may the range of between 1.8 : 1 to 2.3 : 1 , for example a hydrogen comprise a switch configured to sense excess liquid and / or to oxygen ratio of 2 : 1 , and an apparatus, system , or method moisture in the form of foam in the gas stream and shut -off may be capable of delivering a gas mixture having a the electrolysis process to prevent the excess moisture from 50 hydrogen to oxygen ratio of less than 2 : 1 , for example a ratio entering the internal combustion engine, and / or the accu- of 1.8 : 1 or less , 1.7 : 1 or less , 1.5 : 1 or less , 1.3 : 1 or less , by mulation of the gas mixture . removing, or recycling , a portion of the hydrogen from the Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- gas mixture prior to delivery. Alternatively, in certain tus, methods, or systems to realize aa fuel economy increase embodiments, for example, the apparatus, system , or method of at least 1 % , for example at least 2 % , at least 5 % , at least 55 may be capable of generating a 2 : 1 ratio of hydrogen to 10 % , at least 15 % , at least 20 % , at least 25 % , at least 30 % , oxygen but some of the hydrogen or oxygen , for example at least 35 % , at least 40 % , at least 45 % , at least 50% , or oxygen , may be trapped in bubbles , and the apparatus, more . In certain embodiments, for example, the fuel system , or method may be configured to enable the release economy increase may be in the range of between 1-50 % , of the trapped oxygen to effectively deliver more oxygen to for example between 1-5 % , between 5-10% , between 60 the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for 5-25 % , between 7-12 % , between 10-20% , between 15-25 % , example , the apparatus, system , or method may comprise between 20-25 % , between 20-30 % , between 20-50 % , methods capable of producing a gas mixture that is approxi between 30-35 % , between 30-38 % , between 40-50 % , mately two parts oxygen to one part hydrogen ( for example between 40-45 % , or between 44-50 % . 2 : 1 ) or less than 2 : 1 ( for example 1.75 : 1 , 1.5 : 1 , 1.25 : 1 , 1 : 1 , Certain embodiments may provide, for example , appara- 65 etc. ) . In certain embodiments, for example, an electrolysis tus, methods, or systems to improve the operation of an process may generate between an oxygen to hydrogen ratio internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for in the range ofbetween 1.8 : 1 to 2.3 : 1 , for example a 2 : 1 ratio
Page 35
of oxygen to hydrogen and the apparatus, system , or method produce in the range of between 0.08-0.75 liters of gas per may be capable of delivering a gas mixture having an minute per liter of engine displacement, such as 0.1 , 0.12 , oxygen to hydrogen ratio of less than 2 : 1 , for example an 0.17 , 0.20 , 0.25 , 0.29 , 0.3 , 0.32 , 0.35 , 0.4 , 0.45 , 0.50 , 0.6 , or oxygen to hydrogen ratio of 1.8 : 1 or less , 1.7 : 1 or less , 1.5 : 1 0.70 liters of gas per minute per liter of engine displacement. or less , 1.3 : 1 or less . In certain embodiments , for example, 5 In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus, meth the apparatus, system , or method may be capable of deliv- ods , or systems may be capable of producing in the range of ering a gas mixture having an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of between 0.25-3 liters of gas per minute, such as between less than 3.5 : 1 , less than 3 : 1 , less than 2.75 : 1 , less than 2.5 : 1 0.25-2.5 , between 0.25-2 , between 0.25-1.5 , between 0.25 oxygen to hydrogen . 1 , between 0.25-0.50 , between 0.50-0.75 , between 0.5-2.5 , Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- 10 between 0.5-1.5 , between 0.75-1 , between 1-2 , between 1-3 , tus, methods, or systems to more reliably controlled gas 2-2.5 , or 1-1.5 between , between 1.25-1.75 , between 1.5-2 , between between 2.5-3 liters of gas per minute .
mixture generation process . In certain embodiments, for example, the current provided for gas generation may be tus, methods, or systems may
Certain embodiments provide, for example, appara continually or continuously regulated or controlled , for of an internal combustion engine. the to reduce particulate emissions In certain embodiments, example, in realquantity predetermined time of(orgassubstantially realproduced is consistently time) , so. a 15 for example, a method may comprise the steps of generating a gas mixture for use within the internal combustion engine
Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- and providing the gas mixture to the internal combustion tus , methods, or systems to utilize a substantially closed- engine during operation of the internal combustion engine. loop method of electrolysis that recycles a water -reagent (or In certain embodiments, for example, a method may com water-electrolyte or aqueous solution electrolysis compo- 20 prise: generating a gas mixture for use within the internal nent) mixture in an effort to reduce its consumption. combustion engine, and providing the gas mixture to the Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- internal combustion engine during operation of the internal tus, methods, or systems capable of altering combustion ( for combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, example diesel combustion) chemistry to reduce particulate the gas mixture may be generated in substantially real time formation. In certain embodiments, for example , the meth- 25 relative to the consumption of the gas mixture . In certain ods may be capable of achieving a reduction in particulate embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be gener formation from an internal combustion engine of greater ated onboardengine the vehicle during operation of the internal than 5 % , for example greater than 10% , greater than 15 % , combustion
Certain embodiments
may provide, for example, appara greater than 20 % , greater than 25 % , greater than 30 % , greater than 35 %, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, 30 tus , methods filled, orwith systems whereinsolution a tankconsisting may be atessen least greater than 60 % , greater than 75 % , greater than 80 % , partially tially of water and a an aqueous predetermined quantity of electrolyte greater than 90 % , greater than 95 % or close to 100 % . In ( reagent ). In certain embodiments, for example , the appa certain embodiments, for example, the concentration of an ratus, methods, or systems may perform electrolysis of the oxidizer in an internal combustion engine may be increased . aqueous solution within a cell (i.e. , an electrolytic cell ) In certain embodiments, for example, the increase in the 35 configured for aiding in the electrolysis of the aqueous amount of oxidizers may be at least 5 % , for example at least solution .
10 % , at least 15 % , at least 20 % , at least 25 % , at least 30 % , at least 35 % , at least 40 % , at least 45 % , or at least 50 % . In EXAMPLES certain embodiments, for example, the increase in the amount of oxidizers may be in the range of between 5-50 % , 40 Example 1 such as between 5-25 % , between 10-20 % , between 10-40 % , A series of electrolysis cells were studied with different
between 25-50 % , between 30-40 % , between 40-50 % , plates . In one cell , uncoated stainless steel plates were used between 35-45 % , or between 40-50 % . and in a second cell platinum -coated stainless steel plates Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- 45 were used. The electrolyte concentration, of potassium car tus, methods, or systems to distribute the oxidizer for more bonate in water, was adjusted in the cell with uncoated plates even air / fuel mixture . such that the current draw was essentially identical. All other Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara reports conditions were essentially identical. The following table tus, methods, or systems to generate a gas mixture that is an the results.
accelerant to speed combustion and /or increase combustion 50 completion . TABLE 1
Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara Performance Feature Uncoated versus Coated Plates tus, methods, or systems to displace air with oxygen and / or Electrolyte hydrogen within the engine's intake system . Uncoated plates required approximately 3 times greater concentration .
Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- 55 Concentration
HHO Gas Uncoated plates produced approximately 50 % less tus, methods, or systems to create a shorter combustion Production HHO gas. process that lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing Current Draw After 4 hours of testing , the cells with uncoated the formation of nitrogen oxides . plates had a noticeably lower electrolyte level Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara resulting in lower current draw . tus, methods, or systems to generate an optimized or par- 60 tially optimized quantity of a gas mixture , such as a gas Experimental Note : Iridium -coated plates performed similar mixture having one or more aqueous solution electrolysis to platinum coated plates components, into the engine's intake for improved combus tion . In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus, Example 2 methods, or systems may be capable of producing in the 65 range of between 1-7.5 liters of gas per minute , such as 1.2 , A series of electrolysis cells were studied with different 1.7 , 2.0 , 2.9 , 3.5 , 5.0 , or 7.0 liters of gas per minute, and /or plates . In aa first cell , 7 platinum coated stainless steel plates
Page 36
were used and in a second cell 5 platinum coated stainless a related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified . steel plates were used . The current draw was kept essentially Thus, as a non - limiting example, “ at least one of A and B ” the same for both cells during the test procedure , by adjust- ( or, equivalently, “ at least one of A or B , " or , equivalently “ at ing the concentration of the electrolyte in the 7 -plate cell to least one of A and / or B ” ) can refer, in one embodiment, to almost twice the concentration of the 5 - plate cell . All other 5 at least one , optionally including more than one , A , with no conditions were essentially identical. The following table B present (and optionally including elements other than B ) ; reports the results. in another embodiment, to at least one , optionally including more than one , B , with no A present (and optionally includ
10 ing elements other than A ) ; in yet another embodiment, to at
TABLE 2
Performance Feature 5 Plates Versus 7 Plates least one, optionally including more than one , A , and at least one , optionally including more than one , B ( and optionally
HHO Gas Production 5 plates produced 20-25 % more HHO gas .including other elements ); etc.
In the claims , as well as in the specification above , all
All publications and patent applications mentioned in this is transitional phrases such as “ comprising,” “ including, " " car rying ," " having ," " containing," " involving ," " holding," and specification are herein incorporated by reference to the the like are to be understood to be open -ended, i.e. , to mean same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be including but not limited to . Only the transitional phrases incorporated by reference . “ consisting of ” and “ consisting essentially of ” shall be While several embodiments of the present invention have 20 closed or semi - closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent been described and illustrated herein , those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03 . and / or structures for performing the functions and/ or obtain The features disclosed in this specification (including ing the results and / or one or more of the advantages accompanying claims , abstract, and drawings ) may be described herein , and each of such variations and / or modi- 25 replaced by alternative features serving the same , equivalent fications is deemed to be within the scope of the present or similar purpose , unless expressly stated otherwise . Thus, invention. More generally, those skilled in the art will unless expressly stated otherwise , each feature disclosed is readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, one example of a generic series of equivalent or similar and configurations described herein are meant to be exem features.
plary and that the actual parameters , dimensions , materials, 30 The subject headings used in the detailed description are and /or configurations will depend upon the specific appli included for the ease of reference of the reader and should cation or applications for which the teachings of the present not be used to limit the subject matter found throughout the invention is/ are used . Those skilled in the art will recognize, disclosure or the claims . The subject headings should not be or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experi used in construing the scope of the claims or the claim mentation , many equivalents to the specific embodiments 35 limitations.
The disclosure has been described with reference to the invention described herein . It is , therefore, to be under particular stood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way embodiments. However, it will be readily appar of example only and that, within the scope of the appended ent to those skilled in the art that it is possible to embody the claims and equivalents thereto , the invention may be prac disclosure in specific forms other than those of the embodi ticed otherwise than as specifically described and claimed . 40 ments described above . The embodiments are merely illus trative and should not be considered restrictive . The scope of
The present invention is directed to each individual feature, system , article, material, and / or method described herein . In the disclosure is given by the appended claims , rather than addition , any combination of two or more such features, the preceding description , and all variations and equivalents systems , articles, materials, and / or methods , if such features, that fall within the range of the claims are intended to be systems , articles, materials, and / or methods are not mutually 45 embraced therein .
inconsistent, is included within the scope of the present invention . What is claimed is :
The indefinite articles “ a ” and “ an ," as used herein in the
1. An HHO gas second fuel system for an internal specification and in the claims , unless clearly indicated to combustion engine, comprising:
the contrary , should be understood to mean “ at least one . ” 50 i ) a pressure -resistant container comprising : an electroly The phrase “ and /or," as used herein in the specification sis cell configured to generate an HHO gas second fuel and in the claims , should be understood to mean “ both or from an electrolyte solution contained therein ; and either or in a series having more than two elements all or a ii ) a multi - point gas distribution system comprising: a subset of all elements or just one of the elements ” Thus, as controller and a plurality of control valves , wherein the a non- limiting example, a reference to “ A , B and / or C , " is 55 multi -point gas distribution system is configured to understood to include A , B and C , A and B , A and C , B and distribute 0.08-0.75 liters of the generated HHO gas C , and A or B or C. As used herein in the specification and second fuel per minute per liter of engine displacement in the claims , the phrase “ at least one , ” in reference to a list 2 via the plurality of control valves at multiple locations of one or more elements , should be understood to mean at about the internal combustion engine , least one element selected from any one or more of the 60 wherein the pressure -resistant container further comprises : elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including (a ) a first defined space for the electrolyte solution and a at least one of each and every element specifically listed plurality of electrolysis plates ; and ( b ) a second defined within the list of elements and not excluding any combina- space , between the first defined space and the multi-point tions of elements in the list of elements . This definition also distribution system , for a volume of the HHO gas second allows that elements may optionally be present other than 65 fuel, wherein the volume of the second defined space is at the elements specifically identified within the list of ele- least 35 % of the volume of the first defined space up to equal ments to which the phrase " at least one ” refers, whether the volume of the first defined space and there is at least one
Page 37
opening between the first defined space and the second space is at least 35 % of the volume of the first defined space defined space that enables both electrolyte and HHO gas to up to equal the volume of the first defined space there is at pass . least one opening between the first defined space and the 2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising: a multi second defined space that enables both electrolyte and HHO point gas distribution control system that controls an amount 5 gas11.to Thepass .
and timing of the delivery of the HHO gas second fuel via gas secondmethod of claim 10 , wherein the generated HHO fuel is air - free prior to the distributing.
the plurality of control valves . 12. The method of claim 10 , further comprising control 3. The system of claim 1 , wherein at least one control valve of the plurality of control valves has an outlet proxi ling timing and duration of the generating to maintain a mate a combustion chamber inlet of the internal combustion 10 pressure
in the pressure - resistant container in the range of engine.
4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the combustion cham multiple 13. The method of claim 10 , wherein at least one of the ber inlet is an air intake orifice . locations is within 3 inches of a combustion cham 5. The system of claim 3 , wherein the outlet is within 3 15 14. Theofmethod ber inlet the internal combustion engine.
of claim 10 , wherein the temperature of inches of the combustion chamber inlet.
6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the outlet is defined by the HHO gas second fuel is controlled prior to the distrib a lance , the lance connected to one of the plurality of control uting by exchanging heat between the HHO gas second fuel and an engine coolant.
valves .
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the pressure -resistant 20 fuel15.economy
The method of claim 10 , wherein the method increases of the internal combustion engine by at least container is adapted for use onboard a vehicle . 10% .
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the pressure - resistant 16. The method of claim 10 , wherein the method reduces container is adapted for use with a generator set engine.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the HHO gas second one17.orThe more engine - out emissions by at least 25 % . fuel system further comprises a retrofitted internal combus 25 one or moremethod of claim 15 , wherein the method reduces engine - out emissions by at least 25 % .
tion engine integrated with the outlet .
10. A method for delivering an HHO gas second fuel to an fuel18.comprises
The method of claim 10 , wherein the HHO gas second a mixture of 2 : 1 hydrogen to oxygen .
internal combustion engine, comprising: 19. The method of claim 10 , wherein the timing , duration i ) generating an HHO gas second fuel in a pressure or timing and duration of the generating is controlled in resistant container via electrolysis of an electrolyte 30 response to a change in engine demand . solution ; and 20. The method of claim 10 , comprising distributing the ii ) distributing 0.08-0.75 liters of the generated HHO gas second fuel at a pressure in the range of 5-25 psi higher than second fuel per minute per liter of engine displacement an air pressure downstream at multiple locations about the internal combustion charger in communication with the internal of a turbo charger, the turbo engine, combustion wherein the pressure - resistant container further comprises: 35 engine .
21. The method of claim 10 , wherein the internal com ( a) a first defined space for the electrolyte solution and a bustion engine is a gasoline engine . plurality of electrolysis plates; and (b ) a second defined 22. The method of claim 10 , wherein the internal com space , positioned between the first defined space and the multi- point distribution system , for a volume of the HHO bustion engine is aa diesel engine.
gas second fuel, wherein the volume of the second defined
Provenance
- Collection
- Patents citing this work
- Original assignee
- Hytech Power LLC
- Pages
- 37
- Method
- pdftotext (the PDF's own text layer) + pdftoppm 300dpi page scans
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- Source
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- Inventors
- Evan Charles Johnson; Adam Anthony Filkins; Herbert Daniel Deming; Henry White Dean; Phillip Edward Jennings; Hytech Power Inc
- Published
- 2022-03-22
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