Temperature control for HHO injection gas

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TEMPERATURE CONTROL FOR HHO BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

INJECTION GAS

Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method

CROSS -REFERENCE TO RELATED for increasing fuel economy of an internal combustion APPLICATIONS 5 engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the method may comprise introducing in the range of 1.25-30 liters (for

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. example in the range of 2-5 liters ) of HHO gas per hour per No. 16 /056,062, filed Aug. 6 , 2018 , which claims the benefit liter of displacement of the internal combustion engine . In of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 /623,302, filed Jan. certain embodiments, for example, the method may com 29, 2018. The foregoing related applications, in their 10 presence prise combusting a quantity of carbonaceous fuel in the of the introduced HHO gas to increase fuel entirety , are incorporated herein by reference . economy of the carbonaceous fuel by at least 5 % ( for FIELD OF THE INVENTION example at least 10 % or at least 20 % ) .

In certain embodiments, for example, the method may

This disclosure relates to systems and methods for heating tion at ancomprise 15 further electrolyzing an aqueous electrolyte solu average (or maximum ) current draw of less than an HHO gas stream for use in an internal combustion engine 20 amps (for example with an exhaust gas stream from the internal combustion 9-15 amps, in the rangelessofthan 15 amps or in the range of 9-12 amps, or in the range of engine . 10-15 amps) to form the HHO gas. In certain embodiments,

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

20 for example , the aqueous electrolyte solution may comprise no more than 3 wt. % of any salt (for example no more than

carbonate ). In certain embodiments , for lished Aug. 29 , 2013 , U.S. Pat. No. 9,267,428 , granted Feb. example , the electrolyzing may be performed with a total 23, 2016 , U.S. Patent Application Publ. No. 2016/0138496 , 25 electrical resistance of less than 20 ohm (for example less published May 19 , 2016 , and U.S. Patent Application Publ. than 10 ohm or less than 3 ohm ). In certain embodiments , for No. 2017/0254259 , published Sep. 7, 2017, (hereinafter example , the internal combustion engine may power a referred to as the “ REFERENCE APPLICATIONS” ) are vehicle . In certain embodiments , for example, the electro hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety . lyzing may occur onboard the vehicle . In certain embodi 30 ments, for example, the electrolyzing may consume elec

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION trolysis of up to 20 ounces ( for example in the range of 4-10 ounces or up to 4-10 ounces) of the aqueous electrolyte per

Worldwide emissions, stemming primarily from the burn liter displacement of the internal combustion engine per ing of fossil fuels , are reaching the highest levels ever 10,000 miles traveling distance of the vehicle . In certain recorded . By some measures , the emissions associated with 35 embodiments , for example, the vehicle may be a class 8 burning fossil fuels have already reached nearly 5 metric truck .

tons/ person /year. Internal combustion engines , including In certain embodiments, for example , the internal com diesel engines , are a major contributor of fossil fuel emis bustion engine may be a gasoline engine. In certain embodi sions. In fact, by somemeasures, there are over 300 million ments , for example , the internal combustion engine may be diesel engines worldwide. 40 a diesel engine. In certain embodiments , for example , the Internal combustion engines , and diesel engines in par diesel engine may be a heavy duty diesel engine sized to ticular, emit particulate matter (PM ) and governments produce in the range of 430-500 hp . In certain embodiments, around the world are realizing that these emissions are a for example , the internal combustion engine may have a cause for great concern . As a result , many countries/ juris displacement in the range of 11-16 liters . In certain embodi dictions, including the United States, the European Union 45 ments, for example , the internal combustion engine may be and China , are passing regulations which require signifi sized to produce in the range of 200-250 hp . In certain cantly reduced emissions from internal combustion engines, embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine including diesel engines. may have a displacement in the range of 6-11 liters. In Accordingly, more and more, businesses are forced to certain embodiments, for example , the internal combustion comply with these new air quality standards at their own 50 engine may be a generator set engine. In certain embodi expense. Sometimes, the costs for modifying a large internal ments , for example , the generator set engine may have a combustion engine installation to meet new regulations can displacement in the range of 6-60 liters. In certain embodi exceed US $ 30,000 per engine. ments , for example, the generator set engine may have a An attributable amount of emissions created by internal displacement in the range of 2-6 liters per cylinder . In certain combustion engines is a result of the internal combustion 55 embodiments , for example , the generator set engine may be engines failure to convert all of the energy available in the sized to produce more than 1000 hp . In certain embodi hydrocarbon fuel (e.g. , gasoline and /or diesel fuel). This ments, for example , the generator set engine may be sized to incomplete conversion is often a result of what is commonly produce 1000-2000 hp . In certain embodiments, for referred to as incomplete combustion of the fuel. Incomplete example , the internal combustion engine may be a biofuel combustion results in an unnecessary loss of fuel efficiency 60 engine .

and an increase in pollution . In certain embodiments, for example , the introducing may Accordingly, it is desirable to have a system and /or comprise depositing air- free portions of the HHO gas ( for method for use with an internal combustion engine that aids example portions of theHHO gas comprising less than 5 wt. in achieving more complete combustion of the hydrocarbon % air , less than 1 wt. % air, less than 1000 ppm air , less than fuel, reduced emissions, and/or better fuel economy, or 65 500 ppm air , less than 250 ppm air , or less than 100 ppm air ) otherwise improves certain metrics of the internal combus into an air stream supply for a particular combustion cham tion engine. ber, within 3 inches (for example within 11/2 % inches or

Page 19

within 1 inch ) of at least one combustion chamber inlet the range of 50-100 ppm ) HHO gas during cold start (for orifice ( for example an air intake orifice ) of the internal example during the first 60 seconds of starting the internal combustion engine. combustion engine , during the first 120 seconds of starting In certain embodiments , for example , the method may the internal combustion engine, or during the first 180 reduce one or more engine -out emissions (for example a 5 seconds of starting the internal combustion engine ). In nitrogen oxide (NOx ) emission ) by at least 10 % . The certain embodiments, for example , the combusting may improvement in reduced emissions may be relative to an achieve at least 97 % complete combustion of the quantity of internal combustion engine running under identical or sub carbonaceous fuel.

stantially identical conditions ( for example , taking into Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method account engine load, average engine load, run -time, average 10 for increasing fuel economy of an internal combustion run -time, temperature , average temperature, speed , average engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the method speed , rpm's, average rpm's,acceleration , average accelera may comprise introducing in the range of 2-5 liters of HHO tion and /or type of primary fuel) without HHO gas. gas per hour per liter of displacement of the internal com In certain embodiments , for example , the introduced bustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be no more than 500 ppm (for example in the 15 introducing may comprise depositing a first portion of the range of 1-500 ppm , no more than 250 ppm , in the range of HHO gas in a first air stream within 3 inches of a first 1-250 ppm , in the range of 1-100 ppm , in the range of combustion chamber inlet orifice of the internal combustion 25-100 ppm , or in the range of 50-100 ppm ) relative to the engine . In certain embodiments, for example, the introduc weight of the combusted quantity of carbonaceous fuel. ing may comprise depositing a second portion of the HHO In certain embodiments, for example , the method may 20 gas in a second air stream within 3 inches of a second reduce exhaust temperature by at least 10 ° F. (for example combustion chamber inlet orifice of the internal combustion at least 20 ° F. or at least 30 ° F.). engine . In certain embodiments , for example, the introduc In certain embodiments, for example , the HHO gas may ing may comprise depositing at least a third portion of the be substantially hydrogen . HHO gas in at least a third air stream within 3 inches of at In certain embodiments , for example, the method may 25 least a third combustion chamber inlet orifice of the internal further comprise delivering HHO gas to a diesel particulate combustion engine . In certain embodiments , for example , filter (DPF ) regenerator system . the method may comprise combusting a quantity of carbo In certain embodiments , for example, at least a portion of naceous fuel in the presence of at least one of the deposited the in the range of 1.25-30 liters of the HHO gas stream per first portion of the HHO gas, the deposited second portion of hour per liter of displacement of the internal combustion 30 the HHO gas, and the deposited at least a third portion of the engine may be passed through a heat exchanger prior to the HHO gas to increase fuel economy of the carbonaceous fuel introducing . In certain embodiments , for example , the heat by at least 5 % .

exchanger may receive an engine exhaust stream . In certain Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method embodiments, for example, the engine exhaust stream may for increasing fuel economy of an internal combustion be used in the heat exchanger to heat the HHO gas stream . 35 engine during cold start to achieve at least 85 % (for example In certain embodiments, for example , the heat exchanger at least 90 % , at least 93 % , at least 95 % , at least 97 % , at least may receive an engine coolant stream . In certain embodi 99 % , at least 99.5 % , or at least 99.9 % ) complete combustion ments, for example , the engine coolant stream may be used of the quantity of carbonaceous fuel during the first 60 in the heat exchanger to adjust the temperature ( for example, seconds (or 120 seconds or 180 seconds) of starting the cooling and /or heating ) of the HHO gas stream . 40 internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for In certain embodiments , for example, a portion of the example , the method may comprise combusting a first introduced HHO gasmay be introduced to a first combustion quantity of carbonaceous fuel in a first combustion chamber chamber of the internal combustion engine during a portion of the internal combustion engine in the presence ofno more of an intake stroke of a combustion cylinder, the combustion than 500 ppm (for example in the range of 1-500 ppm , no cylinder comprising the combustion chamber. In certain 45 more than 250 ppm , in the range of 1-250 ppm , in the range embodiments, for example , the portion of an intake stroke of 1-100 ppm , in the range of 25-100 ppm , or in the range may be less than 50 % of the intake stroke . In certain of 50-100 ppm ) HHO gas, relative to the quantity of embodiments, for example , the during a portion of an intake carbonaceous fuel. In certain embodiments , for example , the stroke is when the intake stroke may be at an angle in the method may comprise combusting a second quantity of the range of 0-40 ° from top-dead - center. 50 carbonaceous fuel in a second combustion chamber of the Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method internal combustion engine in the presence of no more than for increasing fuel economy of an internal combustion 500 ppm (for example in the range of 1-500 ppm , no more engine ( for example by at least 3 % , at least 4 % , at least 5 % , than 250 ppm , in the range of 1-250 ppm , in the range of at least 6 % , at least 8 % , or by at least 10 % ). The improve 1-100 ppm , in the range of 25-100 ppm , or in the range of ment in fuel economy may be relative to the internal 55 50-100 ppm ) HHO gas, relative to the quantity of carbona combustion engine running under identical or substantially ceous fuel. In certain embodiments, for example , the method identical conditions (for example, taking into account engine may comprise combusting at least a third quantity of car load , average engine load , run -time, average run -time, tem bonaceous fuel in at least a third combustion chamber of the perature , average temperature , speed , average speed , rpm's, internal combustion engine in the presence of no more than average rpm's, acceleration , average acceleration and /or 60 500 ppm ( for example in the range of 1-500 ppm , no more type of primary fuel) without HHO gas . In certain embodi than 250 ppm , in the range of 1-250 ppm , in the range of ments, for example , the method may comprise combusting 1-100 ppm , in the range of 25-100 ppm , or in the range of a quantity of carbonaceous fuel in at least one combustion 50-100 ppm ) HHO gas, relative to the quantity of carbona chamber of the internal combustion engine in the presence ceous fuel.

of no more than 500 ppm (for example in the range of 1-500 65 Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method ppm , no more than 250 ppm , in the range of 1-250 ppm , in for increasing fuel economy of an internal combustion the range of 1-100 ppm , in the range of 25-100 ppm , or in engine during cold start to achieve at least 85 % ( for example

Page 20

at least 90 % , at least 93 % , at least 95 % , at least 97 % , at least 3 inches of a first combustion chamber inlet orifice of the 99 % , at least 99.5 % , or at least 99.9 % ) complete combustion internal combustion engine; b ) depositing a second portion of the quantity of carbonaceous fuel before the internal of the HHO gas in a second air stream within 3 inches of a combustion engine reaches 50 % of a steady state operating second combustion chamber inlet orifice of the internal temperature of the internal combustion engine after starting 5 combustion engine ; and c) depositing at least a third portion the internal combustion engine. The improvement in fuel of the HHO gas in at least a third air stream within 3 inches economymay be relative to the internal combustion engine of at least a third combustion chamber inlet orifice of the running under identical or substantially identical conditions internal combustion engine; and ii) combusting a quantity of (for example, taking into account engine load , average carbonaceous fuel in the presence of the introduced HHO engine load , run -time, average run -time, temperature, aver- 10 gas to increase fuel economy of the carbonaceous fuel by at age temperature, speed , average speed , rpm's, average least 5 % . The improvement in fuel economymay be relative rpm's , acceleration , average acceleration and / or type of to the internal combustion engine running under identical or primary fuel) withoutHHO gas. In certain embodiments, for substantially identical conditions ( for example, taking into example , the method may comprise combusting a first account engine load , average engine load , run - time, average quantity of carbonaceous fuel in a first combustion chamber 15 run -time, temperature , average temperature, speed, average of the internal combustion engine in the presence ofno more speed , rpm's , average rpm's , acceleration , average accelera than 500 ppm ( for example in the range of 1-500 ppm , no tion and /or type of primary fuel) without HHO gas. more than 250 ppm , in the range of 1-250 ppm , in the range Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method of 1-100 ppm , in the range of 25-100 ppm , or in the range for increasing fuel economy of an internal combustion of 50-100 ppm ) HHO gas, relative to the quantity of 20 engine during cold start to achieve at least 97 % complete carbonaceous fuel. In certain embodiments , for example, the combustion of the quantity of carbonaceous fuel during the method may comprise combusting a second quantity of the first 60 seconds (or 120 seconds or 180 seconds) of starting carbonaceous fuel in a second combustion chamber of the the internal combustion engine, comprising: i) combusting a internal combustion engine in the presence of no more than first quantity of carbonaceous fuel in a first combustion 500 ppm ( for example in the range of 1-500 ppm , no more 25 chamber of the internal combustion engine in the presence than 250 ppm , in the range of 1-250 ppm , in the range of of less than 500 ppm HHO gas , relative to the quantity of 1-100 ppm , in the range of 25-100 ppm , or in the range of carbonaceous fuel; ii ) combusting a second quantity of the 50-100 ppm ) HHO gas, relative to the quantity of carbona carbonaceous fuel in a second combustion chamber of the ceous fuel. In certain embodiments, for example , the method internal combustion engine in the presence of less than 500 may comprise combusting at least a third quantity of car- 30 ppm HHO gas, relative to the quantity ofcarbonaceous fuel; bonaceous fuel in at least a third combustion chamber of the and iii) combusting at least a third quantity of carbonaceous internal combustion engine in the presence of no more than fuel in at least a third combustion chamber of the internal 500 ppm (for example in the range of 1-500 ppm , no more combustion engine in the presence of less than 500 ppm than 250 ppm , in the range of 1-250 ppm , in the range of HHO gas, relative to the quantity of carbonaceous fuel. The 1-100 ppm , in the range of 25-100 ppm , or in the range of 35 improvement in fuel economymay be relative to the internal 50-100 ppm ) HHO gas , relative to the quantity of carbona combustion engine running under identical or substantially ceous fuel. identical conditions (for example, taking into account engine Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a method load , average engine load, run - time, average run - time, tem for increasing fuel economy of an internal combustion perature , average temperature , speed , average speed , rpm's, engine , comprising : i) introducing in the range of 2-5 liters 40 average rpm's, acceleration , average acceleration and /or of HHO gas per hour per liter of displacementof the internal type of primary fuel ) without HHO gas. combustion engine; and ii ) combusting a quantity of carbo Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a diesel naceous fuel in the presence of the introduced HHO gas to particulate filter (DPF ) burner configured to combust a fuel increase fuel economy of the carbonaceous fuel by at least to provide a heated gas stream to a DPF system . In certain 5 % . The improvement in fuel economy may be relative to 45 embodiments , for example , the DPF burner may comprise the internal combustion engine running under identical or an HHO gas injector configured to provide a supply of HHO substantially identical conditions ( for example , taking into gas proximate the DPF burner. In certain embodiments, for account engine load , average engine load , run -time, average example , the DPF burner may be retrofitted with an HHO run - time, temperature , average temperature , speed , average gas injector configured to provide a supply of HHO gas speed , rpm's, average rpm's,acceleration , average accelera- 50 proximate the DPF burner.

tion and /or type of primary fuel ) without HHO gas. Certain Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a diesel embodiments may provide , for example , a method for particulate filter (DPF ) regenerator system . In certain increasing fuel economy of an internal combustion engine, embodiments, for example , the system may comprise a DPF comprising : combusting a quantity of carbonaceous fuel in burner configured to combust a fuel ( for example a petro at least one combustion chamber of the internal combustion 55 leum -based fuel such as gasoline or diesel). In certain engine in the presence of no more than 500 ppm ( for embodiments , for example , the system may comprise an example in the range of 1-500 ppm , no more than 250 ppm , HHO gas injector configured to provide a supply of HHO in the range of 1-250 ppm , in the range of 1-100 ppm , in the gas proximate the DPF burner.

range of 25-100 ppm , or in the range of 50-100 ppm ) HHO In certain embodiments, for example , the DPF may be a gas during cold start , relative to the quantity ofcarbonaceous 60 wall- flow DPF. In certain embodiments, for example , the fuel . DPF may be cooperatively coupled to at least one exhaust Certain embodimentsmay provide, for example, a method pipe.

for increasing fuel economy of an internal combustion In certain embodiments, for example , the DPF burner may engine , comprising : i) introducing in the range of 2-5 liters atomize the fuel and aim the atomized fuel in the direction ofHHO gas per hour per liter of displacementof the internal 65 of a combustion zone , the combustion zone configured to combustion engine, the introducing comprising : a ) deposit combust the atomized fuel in the presence of the supply of ing a first portion of the HHO gas in a first air stream within HHO gas to form a heated gas stream . In certain embodi

Page 21

ments , for example, the DPF burner may comprise an In certain embodiments , for example , the DPF regenerator evaporation zone and a combustion zone, the evaporation system may further comprise a plurality of further HHO gas zone configured to atomize the fuel, the combustion zone injectors configured to deliver a further supply of HHO gas configured to combust the atomized fuel in the presence of 5 supply at multiple locations about an internal combustion the supply of HHO gas to form a heated gas stream . engine . In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of In certain embodiments, for example , the system may further HHO gas injectors may comprise : a ) a first injector further comprise a heat transfer element in thermal commu of the plurality of further HHO gas injectors configured to nication with the DPF burner and at least one exhaust pipe deliver a first portion of the further supply of HHO gas to a upstream of the DPF . first location about a first combustion chamber inlet of the In certain embodiments, for example, the fuel may be a 10 internal combustion engine ; b ) a second injector of the diesel fuel.

In certain embodiments, for example , the DPF regenerator plurality a second of further HHO gas injectors configured to deliver portion of the further supply of HHO gas to a may be adapted for use onboard a vehicle . In certain second location about a second combustion chamber inlet of embodiments, for example , the DPF regenerator may be the internal combustion engine ; and c ) at least a third adapted for use with a generator set engine . 15

In certain embodiments, for example , the DPF regenerator injector of the plurality of further HHO gas injectors con system may further comprise a lance cooperatively coupled figured to deliver at least a third portion of the further supply to the HHO injector, the lance having an outlet distal from of HHO gas to at least a third location about at least a third the injector, the outlet positioned within 3 inches of the DPF combustion chamber inlet of the internal combustion engine . burner, for example within 3 inches of the combustion zone 20 In certain embodiments , for example, the first injector of the DPF burner . may be configured to deliver the first portion of the further In certain embodiments, for example , the DPF regenerator supply of HHO gas to the first combustion chamber during system may further comprise an HHO gas supply system or a portion of an intake stroke of a combustion cylinder, the be retrofitted to comprise an HHO gas supply system . In combustion cylinder comprising the first combustion cham certain embodiments , for example, the HHO gas supply 25 ber. In certain embodiments , for example , the portion of an system may comprise an electrolysis unit. In certain embodi intake stroke may be less than 50 % of the intake stroke. In ments, for example , the electrolysis unit may be adapted for certain embodiments , for example , the during a portion of an use onboard a vehicle . In certain embodiments, for example, intake stroke is when the intake strokemay be at an angle in the HHO gas supply system may be configured for in situ the range of 0-40 ° from top - dead -center. generation of the supply of HHO gas. In certain embodi- 30 Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method ments , for example , the DPF regenerator system may be to regenerate a diesel particulate filter (DPF ). In certain exclusive of a device (for example a scrubber) for reducing embodiments, for example , the method may comprise com moisture in an HHO gas stream produced by the electrolysis busting a fuel in the presence of an injected quantity of HHO unit . In certain embodiments , for example , the HHO gas gas to form a heated gas stream . In certain embodiments, for supply system may be configured to provide moisture - free 35 example , the method may comprise transferring heat from HHO gas. In certain embodiments , for example, the HHO the heated gas stream directly and/or indirectly through the gas supply system may be configured to provide HHO gas DPF .

having no more than 0.062 g /cm (for example no more than In certain embodiments , for example , the injected quan 0.06 g/cm ", no more than 0.05 g/cm ", or no more than 0.04 tity of HHO gas may be air - free and/or moisture - free prior g /cm ) water. In certain embodiments , for example , the 40 to being injected . In certain embodiments, for example , the HHO gas supply system may be configured to provide HHO transferring heat may heat the at least one exhaust stream to gas that is at or below a saturation point with water at a a temperature above 600 ° C. (for example to a temperature temperature of no more than 120 ° F. ( for example no more above 650° C.). In certain embodiments , for example , the than 110 ° F. or no more than 100 ° F.) . injected quantity of HHO gas may be generated in real time. In certain embodiments , for example , the DPF regenerator 45 Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a diesel may be adapted for use with a nonroad engine or non -over particulate filter ( DPF ) regenerator system , comprising: i) a the -road engine. In certain embodiments, for example , DPF DPF burner configured to combust a fuel; and ii ) an HHO regeneratormay be adapted for use with an off-road vehicle . gas injector configured to provide a controlled supply of In certain embodiments, for example, the DPF regenerator HHO gas proximate the DPF burner.

may be adapted for use with a stationary engine. In certain 50 Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method embodiments, for example , the DPF regenerator may be to regenerate a dieselparticulate filter (DPF ), comprising: i) adapted for use with for use with a locomotive engine . In combusting a fuel in the presence of an injected quantity of certain embodiments , for example , the DPF regenerator may HHO gas to form a heated gas stream ; and ii) transferring be adapted for use with for use with a marine engine. heat from the heated gas stream directly and /or indirectly to In certain embodiments , for example, the DPF regenerator 55 the DPF .

system may further comprise a heat exchanger configured to Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a system receive the controlled supply of HHO gas, the heat to provide HHO gas to a diesel engine. In certain embodi exchanger disposed upstream of the DPF burner. In certain ments , for example , the system may comprise a multi-point embodiments, for example, the heat exchanger may be in gas distribution system adapted to receive an HHO gas thermal communication with an internal combustion engine 60 supply . In certain embodiments , for example ,the multi-point and /or the DPF regenerator system . In certain embodiments, gas distribution system may comprise a plurality of injectors for example, the heat exchanger may be configured to configured to deliver portions of the received HHO gas receive an engine exhaust stream . In certain embodiments , supply at multiple locations about a diesel engine. In certain for example , the heat exchanger may be configured to embodiments, for example, the multi-point gas distribution receive an engine coolant stream . In certain embodiments , 65 system may comprise at least one further injector configured for example, the heat exchanger may be configured to to deliver a further portion of the received HHO gas supply receive a DPF regenerator system exhaust stream . to a diesel particulate filter (DPF ) regenerator system .

Page 22

In certain embodiments , for example , at least one injector In certain embodiments, for example , the method may of the plurality of injectors may be coupled to an HHO gas further comprise exchanging heat between the first quantity outlet, the at least one injector cooperatively configured with of HHO gas and an engine coolant stream . In certain the diesel engine to be fixedly positioned at a predetermined embodiments, for example, the method may further com location about the diesel engine, whereby the HHO gas 5 prise exchanging heat between the first quantity of HHO gas outlet is within 3 inches of at least one combustion chamber and a diesel engine exhaust stream . inlet of the diesel engine . In certain embodiments, for In certain embodiments , for example, the method may example , the at least one injector may be configured to be further comprise generating the first quantity ofHHO gas on fixedly positioned at a retrofitted attachment point of the demand.

diesel engine . In certain embodiments , for example, the 10 Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a system combustion chamber inlet may be an air intake orifice . to provide HHO gas to a diesel engine . In certain embodi In certain embodiments, for example , the system to pro ments, for example , the system may comprise a multi-point vide HHO gas to a diesel engine may further comprise a gas distribution system for controlled delivery of an HHO control system , the control system configured to control gas supply. In certain embodiments , for example , the multi timing and /or duration for the delivering a portion of HHO 15 point gas distribution system may comprise a plurality of gas and for the delivering a further portion of HHO gas. In injectors configured to deliver portions of the HHO gas certain embodiments , for example , the timing and duration supply at multiple locations about a diesel engine. In certain of the further delivering may be different from the timing embodiments, for example , themulti-point gas distribution and/or duration of the delivering . In certain embodiments, system may comprise a first injector of the plurality of for example, the control system may be configured to 20 injectors configured to deliver a first portion of HHO gas of process intake stroke timing data for at least one air intake the portions of the HHO gas supply to a first location about orifice of the diesel engine . a first combustion chamber inlet of the diesel engine . In In certain embodiments , for example, the control system certain embodiments , for example , the multi-point gas dis for providing HHO gas to a diesel engine may be adapted to tribution system may comprise a second injector of the provide HHO gas to a diesel engine coupled to a vehicle . In 25 plurality of injectors configured to deliver a second portion certain embodiments, for example, the control system to of HHO gas of the portions of the HHO gas supply to a provide HHO gas to a diesel engine may be adapted to second location about a second combustion chamber inlet of connect to an HHO gas supply system . In certain embodi the diesel engine . In certain embodiments , for example , the ments , for example , the control system may be adapted to multi-point gas distribution system may comprise at least a connect to a multi-point gas distribution system adapted to 30 third injector of the plurality of injectors configured to connect to an HHO gas supply system . In certain embodi deliver at least a third portion of HHO gas of the portions of ments, for example , the multi -point gas distribution system the HHO gas supply to at least a third location about at least may be adapted to connect to an outlet of an electrolysis unit. a third combustion chamber inlet of the diesel engine. In In certain embodiments, for example , the electrolysis unit certain embodiments, for example , the multi-point gas dis may be onboard the vehicle . 35 tribution system may comprise at least one further injector In certain embodiments, for example, the control system configured to deliver a further portion of the HHO gas to provide HHO gas to a diesel engine may be adapted to supply to a diesel particulate filter (DPF ) regenerator sys provide HHO gas to a generator set engine . tem .

In certain embodiments , for example, the control system In certain embodiments , for example , the multi-point gas to provide HHO gas to a diesel enginemay further comprise 40 distribution system may further comprise a first lance coop a gas pressure regulator. In certain embodiments , for eratively coupled to the first injector. In certain embodi example , the gas pressure regulator may be configured to at ments, for example , the first lance may define an outlet distal least partially control a pressure of HHO gas in the multi from the injector, the outlet for positioning within 3 inches point gas distribution system relative to a combustion air of the first combustion chamber inlet. intake pressure of the diesel engine . 45 In certain embodiments, for example , the system to pro In certain embodiments, for example, the multi-point gas vide HHO gas to a diesel enginemay further comprise a heat distribution system may be configured to receive the HHO exchanger, the heat exchanger configured to receive the gas supply at a pressure in the range of 30-60 psig (for HHO gas supply , the heat exchanger disposed upstream of example in the range of 40-55 psig , in the range of 44-50 the diesel engine and /or the DPF regenerator system . In psig , or in the range of 45-50 psig ). 50 certain embodiments, for example, the heat exchanger may In certain embodiments, for example , the system to pro be in thermal communication with an internal combustion vide HHO gas to a diesel engine may further comprise a heat engine and/ or the DPF regenerator system . In certain exchanger, the heat exchanger having a first inlet adapted to embodiments, for example , the heat exchanger may be connect to an engine coolant line, the heat exchanger having configured to receive an engine exhaust stream . In certain a second inlet adapted to connect to the multi -point gas 55 embodiments, for example , the heat exchanger may be distribution system . configured to receive an engine coolant stream . In certain Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method embodiments, for example , the heat exchanger may be of improving the operation and emissions of a diesel engine configured to receive a DPF regenerator system exhaust equipped with a DPF. In certain embodiments , for example , stream .

the method may comprise delivering a first quantity of HHO 60 In certain embodiments , for example, a first injector of the gas to multiple air intake locations about a diesel engine . In plurality of injectors may be configured to deliver HHO gas certain embodiments, for example , the method may com to a first combustion chamber of the diesel engine during a prise further delivering a second quantity of HHO gas portion of an intake stroke of a first combustion cylinder , the upstream of the diesel particulate filter ( DPF ). first combustion cylinder comprising the first combustion In certain embodiments, for example , the first quantity of 65 chamber. In certain embodiments , for example , the portion HHO gas and the second quantity of HHO gas may be of the intake stroke may be less than 50 % of the intake air -free prior to the delivering and the further delivering . stroke. In certain embodiments, for example, the during a

Page 23

portion of an intake stroke may be when the intake stroke is In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may at an angle in the range of 0-40 ° from top -dead -center. be air -free prior to introduction to the stream of oxygen Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a system containing gas.

to provide HHO gas to a diesel engine, comprising : a In certain embodiments , for example , the method may multi-point gas distribution system adapted to receive an 5 improve fuel economy by at least 10 % ( for example at least HHO gas supply, comprising : i) a plurality of injectors 20 % or at least 30 % ). The improvement in fuel economy configured to actuate to deliver a portion of the received may be relative to the internal combustion engine running HHO gas supply at multiple locations about a diesel engine ; under identical or substantially identical conditions (for and ii ) at least one further injector configured to deliver a 10 load , run,-time example taking into account engine load , average engine further portion of the received HHO gas supply to a diesel perature, speed, ,average average run -time, temperature, average tem speed , rpm's, average rpm's , accel particulate filter (DPF ) regenerator system . eration , average acceleration and / or type of primary fuel) Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method without HHO gas.

of improving the operation and emissions of a diesel engine In certain embodiments, for example, the primary fuel equipped with a DPF , comprising : i) delivering a quantity of HHO gas to multiple air intake locations about first 15 may comprise a biofuel.

a diesel engine ; and ii ) further delivering a second quantity furthercertain

In embodiments, for example, the method may comprise introducing the quantity ofHHO gas to the of HHO gas upstream of the diesel particulate filter (DPF ). stream of oxygen - containing gas within 3 inches of at least Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a system one combustion chamber inlet orifice of the internal com to provide HHO gas to a diesel engine, comprising: a 20 bustion engine .

multi -point gas distribution system for controlled delivery of In certain embodiments , for example , the at least one an HHO gas supply, comprising: a plurality of injectors combustion chamber inlet orifice may comprise an air intake configured to deliver a portion of the HHO gas supply at valve or port.

multiple locations about a diesel engine, comprising: a ) a In certain embodiments , for example, the delivered quan first injector of the plurality of injectors configured to deliver 25 tity of HHO gas may be in the range of 2-5 liters of HHO a first portion of the HHO gas supply to a first location about gas per hour per liter of displacement of the internal com a first combustion chamber inlet of the diesel engine ; b ) a bustion In engine .

certain embodiments , for example, the method may second injector of the plurality of injectors configured to deliver a second portion of the HHO gas supply to a second reduce engine - out emissions by at least 10 % ( for example by location about a second combustion chamber inlet of the 30 out at least 20 % or at least 30 % ). The improvement in engine emissions may be relative to the internal combustion diesel engine; c) at least a third injector of the plurality of engine running under identical or substantially identical injectors configured to deliver at least a third portion of the conditions (for example , taking into account engine load , HHO gas supply to at least a third location about at least a average engine load , run -time, average run - time, tempera third combustion chamber inlet of the diesel engine ; and d ) 35 ture, average temperature at least one further injector configured to deliver a further average rpm's, acceleration, ,speed , average speed , rpm's, portion of the HHO gas supply to a diesel particulate filter type of primary fuel) without HHO gas.acceleration average

In certain and /or embodi

(DPF ) regenerator system . ments , for example , the method may reduce particulate Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method emissions by at least 10 % (for example by at least 20 % or for increasing carbonaceous fuel economy of an internal 40 by at least 30 % ). In certain embodiments, for example, the combustion engine . The improvement in fuel economy may method may reduce soot emissions by at least 10 % ( for be relative to the internal combustion engine running under example by at least 20 % or by at least 30 % ). In certain identical or substantially identical conditions ( for example, embodiments, for example, the method may reduce a com taking into account engine load , average engine load , run bustion exhaust temperature by at least 10 ° F. ( for example time, average run -time, temperature, average temperature, 45 by at least 20 ° F. or by least 30 ° F.). speed , average speed , rpm's, average rpm's, acceleration , In certain embodiments, for example, the delivered quan average acceleration and /or type of primary fuel) without tity of HHO gas may be no more than 500 ppm ( for example HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example , the method in the range of 1-500 ppm , no more than 250 ppm , in the may comprise delivering a quantity of HHO gas in a stream range of 1-250 ppm , in the range of 1-100 ppm , in the range of oxygen -containing gas to at least one combustion cham- 50 of 25-100 ppm , or in the range of 50-100 ppm ) HHO gas ber of the internal combustion engine during a portion of an relative to the weight of combusted carbonaceous fuel . intake stroke of at least one combustion cylinder of the In certain embodiments , for example , the method may internal combustion engine . In certain embodiments , for further comprise delivering a further quantity ofHHO gas to example , the portion may be less than 70 % ( for example less a diesel particulate filter (DPF) regenerator system . In cer than 50 % , less than 25 % , or in the range of 20-25 % of the 55 tain embodiments, for example , the quantity of HHO gas intake stroke ). In certain embodiments, for example , the may be passed through a heat exchanger prior to the deliv portion may be in the range of 70-100 % of the intake stroke . ering . In certain embodiments , for example, the heat In certain embodiments , for example, the portion may be exchanger may receive an engine exhaust stream . In certain less than the whole intake stroke . In certain embodiments, embodiments, for example, the heat exchanger may receive for example , the during a portion of an intake stroke may be 60 an engine coolant stream . In certain embodiments, for when the intake stroke is at an angle in the range of 0-40 ° example , the delivered quantity of HHO gas may be fresh (or 40-180 °) from top -dead -center. In certain embodiments, (for example the quantity of HHO gas may be delivered for example , the during a portion of an intake strokemay be within 5 hours of generation (for example generation by when the intake stroke is at an angle of at least 10 ° from electrolysis of an electrolyte solution ). top - dead -center. 65 Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method In certain embodiments, for example , the internal com for delivering precision quantities of in - situ generated HHO bustion engine may be a 4 -stroke engine . gas about an internal combustion engine. In certain embodi

Page 24

ments , for example , the method may comprise delivering combustion engine, comprising: delivering a quantity of separate independent quantities of HHO gas during inde HHO gas in a stream of oxygen -containing gas to at least pendent portions of at least two air intake strokes to at least one combustion cylinder of the internal combustion engine two out-of-phase combustion cylinders of the internal com during a portion of an intake stroke (for example less than bustion engine . In certain embodiments, for example , the 5 a full intake stroke) of the at least one combustion cylinder. portions of the at least two air intake strokesmaybe less than Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method 70 % of the complete air intake strokes for either of the air for delivering precision quantities of in - situ generated HHO intake strokes. gas about an internal combustion engine, comprising: deliv In certain embodiments , for example , the delivering the ering separate quantities of HHO gas during portions of at separate independent quantities of HHO gas may comprise: 10 least two air intake strokes to at least two out-of-phase delivering a first quantity ofHHO gas during a portion of an combustion cylinders of the internal combustion engine . intake stroke of a first combustion cylinder, the portion of Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method the intake stroke of the first combustion cylinder may be less for increasing carbonaceous fuel economy of an internal than 70 % (for example, less than 60 % , less than 50 % ,or less combustion engine, comprising: i) delivering a first quantity than 40 % ) of the complete air intake stroke; and delivering 15 of HHO gas in a first stream of oxygen -containing gas to a second quantity ofHHO gas during a portion of an intake within 3 inches of a first combustion chamber inlet orifice of stroke of a second combustion cylinder, the portion of the a first combustion chamber of the internal combustion intake stroke of the second combustion cylinder may be less engine during a portion of an intake stroke of a first than 70 % (for example , less than 60 % , less than 50 % , or less combustion cylinder at an angle in the range of 0-40 ° from than 40 % ) of the complete air intake stroke; the intake stroke 20 top -dead - center of the first combustion cylinder, the first of the first combustion cylinder being out of phase with the combustion cylinder comprising the first combustion cham intake stroke of the second combustion cylinder . ber ; ii ) delivering a second quantity ofHHO gas in a second In certain embodiments, for example , the delivering the stream of oxygen - containing gas to within 3 inches of a separate quantities of HHO gas may comprise: delivering a second combustion chamber inlet orifice of a second com first quantity of HHO gas during an intake stroke of a first 25 bustion chamber of the internal combustion engine during a combustion cylinder at a crankshaft angle in the range of portion of an intake stroke of a second combustion cylinder 0-40 ° from top -dead -center of the first combustion cylinder; at an angle in the range of 0-40 ° from top -dead -center of the and delivering a second quantity of HHO gas during an second combustion cylinder, the second combustion cylin intake stroke of a second combustion cylinder at a crank der comprising the second combustion chamber; and iii ) shaft angle in the range of 0-40 ° from top -dead -center of the 30 delivering at least a third quantity of HHO gas in at least a second combustion cylinder, the intake stroke of the first third stream of oxygen -containing gas to at least a third combustion cylinder out of phase with the intake stroke of combustion chamber inlet orifice of at least a third combus the second combustion cylinder. tion chamber of the internal combustion engine. The Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method improvement in fuel economymay be relative to the internal for increasing carbonaceous fuel economy of an internal 35 combustion engine running under identical or substantially combustion engine. The improvement in fuel economymay identical conditions ( for example , taking into accountengine be relative to the internal combustion engine running under load , average engine load , run - time, average run - time, tem identical or substantially identical conditions (for example , perature, average temperature, speed , average speed , rpm's , taking into account engine load , average engine load , run average rpm's, acceleration , average acceleration and/or time, average run - time, temperature, average temperature, 40 type of primary fuel) without HHO gas. speed , average speed , rpm's , average rpm's, acceleration , Certain embodiments may provide , for example, a system average acceleration and /or type of primary fuel) without to distribute an HHO gas supply to an internal combustion HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example , the method engine having a plurality of combustion chambers. In certain may comprise delivering a first quantity of HHO gas in a embodiments, for example , the system may comprise at least first stream of oxygen -containing gas to within 3 inches of 45 one injector among a plurality of injectors , the at least one a first combustion chamber inlet orifice of a first combustion injector configured to introduce at least a portion of the HHO chamber of the internal combustion engine during a portion gas supply to within 3 inches of at least one combustion of an intake stroke of a first combustion cylinder at an angle chamber inlet of at least one combustion chamber of the in the range of 0-40° from top -dead -center of the first plurality of combustion chambers . In certain embodiments , combustion cylinder, the first combustion cylinder compris- 50 for example , the system may comprise a control system ing the first combustion chamber. In certain embodiments, configured to control the at least one injector based on for example, the method may comprise delivering a second timing parameters for the at least one combustion chamber. quantity of HHO gas in a second stream of oxygen - contain In certain embodiments, for example, the control system ing gas to within 3 inches of a second combustion chamber may be configured to adjust timing and /or duration of the at inlet orifice of a second combustion chamber of the internal 55 least one injector in response to intake stroke timing of the combustion engine during a portion of an intake stroke of a at least one combustion cylinder or a change in the intake second combustion cylinder at an angle in the range of 0-40 ° stroke timing. In certain embodiments , for example, the from top - dead -center of the second combustion cylinder, the control system may be configured to control the at least one second combustion cylinder comprising the second combus injector. In certain embodiments , for example , the control tion chamber. In certain embodiments , for example, the 60 system may be configured to adjust timing and /or duration method may comprise delivering at least a third quantity of of the at least one injector in response to engine speed or a HHO gas in at least a third stream of oxygen -containing gas change in engine speed . In certain embodiments , for to at least a third combustion chamber inlet orifice of at least example, the control system may be configured to adjust a third combustion chamber of the internal combustion timing and /or duration of actuation of the at least one engine . 65 injector in response to engine load or a change in engine Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method load . In certain embodiments, for example , the control for increasing carbonaceous fuel economy of an internal system may be configured to adjust timing and/or duration

Page 25

of actuation of the at least one injector in response to fuel control system may be configured to adjust timing and /or consumption or a change in fuel consumption . In certain duration of actuation of the at least one injector based on embodiments , for example, the control system may be inputs from a knock sensor. In certain embodiments , for configured to adjust timing and /or duration of actuation of example , the control system may be configured to adjust the at least one injector when an exhaust temperature of the 5 timing and /or duration of actuation of the at least one internal combustion engine exceeds a predicted temperature . injector in response to exhaust temperature or a change in In certain embodiments, for example, the control system exhaust temperature . In certain embodiments, for example , may comprise a processor, the processor configured to the control system may be configured to adjust timing and /or compute an HHO gas quantity required to reduce one or duration of actuation of the at least one injector in response more engine -out emissions to a predetermined level. The 10 to input from a fuel injector sensor or a change in input from improvement in engine- out emissionsmay be relative to the a fuel injector sensor. In certain embodiments, for example , internal combustion engine running under identical or sub the control system may be configured to adjust timing and /or stantially identical conditions ( for example , taking into duration of actuation of the at least one injector in response account engine load , average engine load , run - time, average to input from an RPM sensor or a change in input from an run -time, temperature , average temperature, speed , average 15 RPM sensor.

speed , rpm's, average rpm's, acceleration , average accelera In certain embodiments, for example , the at least one tion and /or type of primary fuel) without HHO gas. injector may be equipped with a metal tube to carry air -free In certain embodiments, for example, the control system HHO gas to within 3 inches of a first combustion chamber may be configured to adjust timing and /or duration of inlet of the at least one combustion chamber inlet. In certain actuation of the at least one injector of the plurality of 20 embodiments, for example, the metal tube may have a injectors when an HHO gas temperature reading input from soldered end with an orifice drilled therethrough . In certain a temperature sensor exceeds a predetermined level. In embodiments, for example, the orifice may have an orifice certain embodiments , for example , the control system may diameter in the range of 10-50 thousandths of an inch . In be configured to adjust timing and /or duration of actuation certain embodiments, for example , the system may be of the at least one injector of the plurality of injectors when 25 cooperatively configured with the internal combustion an HHO gas pressure reading input from a pressure sensor engine whereby a distal end of the metal tube is free -floating exceeds a predetermined level. In certain embodiments, for inside an air intake manifold .

example , the control system may be configured to actuate In certain embodiments, for example , the plurality of the plurality of injectors in a sequence whether an air intake injectors may be connected together in a daisy chain to valve is open . 30 receive power for actuation in a predetermined sequence . In certain embodiments , for example , the control system In certain embodiments, for example , each injector of the may be configured to actuate the plurality of injectors in plurality of injectors may comprise an injector solenoid . In response to least the camshaft rotation of an internal certain embodi ts, for example, each injector of the combustion engine and /or at least one predetermined posi plurality of injectors may be actuated by 1-20 milliamps of tion of the camshaft. In certain embodiments, for example, 35 electric current. In certain embodiments, for example, the the control system may be further configured to actuate the plurality of injectors may be actuated for 1-3 milliseconds plurality of injectors in response to an engine temperature per engine cylinder cycle ( for example per engine cylinder measurement. In certain embodiments, for example , the cycle of a 4 -stroke engine cycle).

control system may be configured to prevent actuation of the In certain embodiments , for example , the system to dis plurality of injectors until an engine temperature is measured 40 tribute an HHO gas supply may further comprise at least one having at least a minimum predetermined value . further injector, the at least one further injector configured to In certain embodiments , for example, the control system deliver a further portion of the received HHO gas supply to may be configured to actuate the plurality of injectors a diesel particulate filter (DPF ) regenerator system . simultaneously . In certain embodiments , for example , the In certain embodiments , for example , a first injector of the control system may be configured to actuate the at least one 45 at least one injectormay be configured to deliver the at least injector at a first time and a second injector of the plurality a portion of the HHO gas during a portion of an intake stroke of injectors at a second time, the first time different from the of a first combustion cylinder. In certain embodiments , for second time. example , the portion of an intake stroke is less than 50 % of In certain embodiments , for example, the system to dis the intake stroke. In certain embodiments , for example, the tribute an HHO gas supply may be configured to introduce 50 during a portion of an intake stroke is when the intake stroke the at least a portion of the HHO gas supply at a controlled is at an angle in the range of 0-40° from top -dead -center. temperature and pressure . In certain embodiments , for Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a system example, the system to distribute HHO gas may further to distribute an HHO gas supply to an internal combustion comprise a heat exchanger, the heat exchanger configured to engine. In certain embodiments, for example , the system receive at least a portion of the HHO gas supply. In certain 55 may comprise a first injector configured to deliver a first embodiments, for example, the pressure of the introduced at portion of the HHO gas supply to within 3 inches of a first least a portion of the HHO gas supply may be controlled combustion chamber inlet of the internal combustion engine . relative to a gas intake pressure of the internal combustion In certain embodiments, for example, the system may com engine . prise a second injector configured to deliver a second portion In certain embodiments, for example , the control system 60 of the HHO gas supply to within 3 inches of a second may be configured to adjust timing and / or duration of combustion chamber inlet of the internal combustion engine . actuation of the at least one injector in response to throttle In certain embodiments, for example, the system may com position or a change in throttle position . In certain embodi prise at least a third injector configured to deliver at least a ments , for example , the control system may be configured to third portion of the HHO gas supply to within 3 inches of at adjust timing and/or duration of the at least one injector in 65 least a third combustion chamber inlet of the internal com response to intake manifold pressure or a change in intake bustion engine . In certain embodiments, for example, the manifold pressure. In certain embodiments , for example , the system may comprise a control system configured to control

Page 26

the actuation of each injector among the plurality of injec In certain embodiments, for example , the heaving duty tors based on parameters for the corresponding combustion diesel engine may be sized for an engine speed of at least chamber in the internal combustion engine . 1800 rpm . In certain embodiments , for example, the heavy Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a system duty diesel engine may provide in the range of 1600-2000 to distribute an HHO gas supply to an internal combustion 5 ft- lb peak torque. In certain embodiments, for example , the engine having a plurality of combustion chambers, compris heavy duty diesel engine may be sized to produce in the ing : i) at least one injector among a plurality of injectors, the range of 400-700 hp (for example 430-500 hp). at least one injector configured to introduce at least a portion heavy In certain embodiments , for example, the over-the - road of the HHO gas supply to within 3 inches of at least one duty truck may be a Class 8 vehicle . In certain combustion chamber inlet of at least one combustion cham- 10 truck embodiments , for example , the over-the -road heavy duty may be a Class 9 vehicle .

ber of the plurality of combustion chambers ; and ii ) a control In certain embodiments , for example, the quantity of system configured to control the at least one injector based electrolyte on timing parameters for the at least one combustion cham ( for examplesolution may be sufficient for at least 5,000 miles at least 10,000 miles, at least 20,000 miles , at ber.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a system 15 leastIn certain 30,000 miles, or at least 40,000 miles ) of driving.

embodiments , for example , the first chamber to distribute an HHO gas supply to an internal combustion may be configured to contain at least 1/4 gallon (for example engine, comprising : i) a first injector configured to deliver a at least 1/2 gallon , at least 1 gallon , at least 2 gallons, at least first portion of the HHO gas supply to within 3 inches of a 5 gallons, or at least 10 gallons) of the electrolyte . first combustion chamber inlet of the internal combustion 20 In certain embodiments, for example, the onboard HHO engine ; ii) a second injector configured to deliver a second generator may further comprise a controller, the controller portion of the HHO gas supply to within 3 inches ofa second configured to control at least a power supply to the elec combustion chamber inlet of the internal combustion engine; trolysis cell . In certain embodiments, for example , the iii) at least a third injector configured to deliver at least a controller may be configured to control the power supply to third portion of the HHO gas supply to within 3 inches of at 25 maintain the quantity of the electrolyte solution at a tem least a third combustion chamber inlet of the internal com perature in the range of 80-150 ° F. ( for example a tempera bustion engine; and iv ) a control system configured to ture in the range of 90-120 ° F., in the range of 95-115 ° F., control the actuation of each injector among the plurality of in the range of 100-115 ° F., or a temperature in the range of injectors based on parameters for the corresponding com 100-110 ° F.). In certain embodiments , for example, the bustion chamber in the internal combustion engine. 30 controllermay be configured to control the power supply to Certain embodiments may provide, for example , an maintain the second chamber at a pressure in the range of onboard HHO generator for an over- the -road heavy duty 30-60 psig (for example in the range of 40-55 psig , in the truck powered by a heavy duty diesel engine . In certain range of 44-50 psig, or in the range of 45-50 psig ). embodiments, for example , the onboard HHO generatormay In certain embodiments , for example , the second chamber comprise a dual- chamber vessel in communication with an 35 may be cooperatively configured with the first chamber to internal combustion engine powering the heavy duty truck . receive the supply of HHO gas from the first chamber and In certain embodiments, for example, the dual-chamber to store a portion of the supply of HHO gas. In certain vessel may comprise an electrolysis cell in a first chamber of embodiments, for example, the second chamber may be the dual- chamber vessel , the first chamber containing a configured to store at least a 10 minute supply ( for example quantity of electrolyte solution , the quantity of electrolyte 40 at least a 20 minute supply, at least a 30 minute supply, or solution sufficient to produce a supply of HHO gas for at least a 1 hour supply ) of HHO gas for use by the internal 60,000,000 crankshaft rotations of the internal combustion combustion engine based on an average load of 200 hp , the engine . In certain embodiments , for example , the dual internal combustion engine having a displacement of at least chamber vesselmay comprise a second chamber containing 10 liters . In certain embodiments, for example , the second HHO gas and a quantity of replacementelectrolyte solution , 45 chamber may have a volume at least as large as the volume the contained HHO gas and the quantity of replacement of the first chamber.

electrolyte solution sharing a free surface, the first chamber In certain embodiments , for example, the first chamber and the second chamber in continuous liquid communica may be cooled by engine coolant.

tion , the second chamber disposed between the first chamber In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell and the internal combustion engine. 50 may comprise electrodes, the electrodes comprising iridium In certain embodiments, for example , the onboard gen coated on titanium .

erator may be in communication (for example fluid com In certain embodiments , for example , the HHO generator munication ) with at least one combustion chamber of the may be configured to provide HHO gas for at least 50 hours heavy duty diesel engine . In certain embodiments , for (for example at least 100 hours , at least 200 hours , or at least example , a first injector may be configured to deliver the at 55 500 hours) operation of the truck based on the quantity of least a portion of the HHO gas during a portion of an intake electrolyte . In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO stroke of a first combustion cylinder, the first combustion generator may be configured to provide HHO gas for at least cylinder comprising a first combustion chamber of the at 5,000 miles ( for example at least 10,000 miles, 20,000 miles, least one combustion chamber. In certain embodiments , for 30,000 miles , or at least 50,000 miles ) operation of the truck example , the portion of the intake stroke may be less than 60 based on the quantity of electrolyte . 50 % of the intake stroke. In certain embodiments , for In certain embodiments, for example, the controller may example , the during a portion of an intake stroke may be be configured to control the power supply to cause the when the intake stroke is at an angle in the range of 0-40 ° electrolysis cell to produce HHO gas intermittently to main from top -dead -center. tain a temperature of the electrolyte and a pressure in the In certain embodiments, for example , the heavy duty 65 second chamber. In certain embodiments, for example , the diesel engine may have a displacement in the range of 11-16 maintained temperature may be in the range of 80-150 ° F. liters . (for example a temperature in the range of 90-120 ° F., in the

Page 27

range of 95-115 ° F., in the range of 100-115 ° F., or a reusable container components dividing an interior of the temperature in the range of 100-110 ° F.). In certain embodi vessel into a first chamber and a second chamber, the first ments, for example, the maintained pressure may be in the chamber containing an electrolysis cell , the electrolysis cell range of 30-60 psig (for example in the range of 40-55 psig, 5 configured to produce HHO gas . In certain embodiments , for in the range of 44-50 psig, or in the range of 45-50 psig ). example, the vessel may comprise a replaceable pressure In certain embodiments , for example , the first chamber retaining and relief system , the replaceable pressure retain and the second chamber may be in continuous liquid com ing and relief system configured to — a ) retain the reusable munication , the second chamber disposed between the first container components in a fixed configuration when the chamber and the internal combustion engine. contents of the vessel are below a relief pressure ; and b ) In certain embodiments , for example , the onboard generator may be in communication with at least one repair HHO 10 allow reuse of the reusable container components without injector, the at least one injector configured to deliver at least pressureby. releasing contents of the vessel at the relief a portion of the supply of HHO gas to a diesel particulate In certain embodiments, for example, the replaceable filter (DPF ) regenerator system . In certain embodiments , for example , the onboard HHO generator may be in communi- 15 pressure retaining and relief system may operate to relieve cation with a plurality of injectors , the plurality of injectors the relief pressure within 50 ms (for example in less than 10 configured to introduce at least a portion of the HHO gas to ms, less than 5 ms, less than 1 ms, or less than 0.1 ms). at least one combustion chamber inlet of the diesel engine . In certain embodiments , for example, the replaceable In certain embodiments, for example , the plurality of pressure retaining and relief system may be configured to injectors may comprise : i) a first injector configured to 20 open the vessel at least 1 % ( for example in the range of deliver a first portion of the HHO gas to within 3 inches of 1-3 % , at least 2 % , at least 3 % , at least 5 % , or at least 10 % ) , a first combustion chamber inlet of the diesel engine ; ii) a relative to a surface area of the vessel, in less than 50 ms ( for second injector configured to deliver a second portion of the example in less than 10 ms, less than 5 ms, less than 1 ms, HHO gas to a second combustion chamber inlet of the diesel or less than 0.1 ms) of contents of the vessel reaching the engine ; and iii ) at least a third injector configured to deliver 25 pre -designed relief pressure . In certain embodiments, for at least a third portion of the HHO gas to at least a third example , the replaceable pressure retaining and relief sys combustion chamber inlet of the diesel engine . tem may be configured to retain HHO gas within a storage In certain embodiments , for example , the onboard HHO pressure range .

generator may be in communication with a heat exchanger , In certain embodiments, for example , the second chamber the heat exchanger configured to receive at least a portion of 30 may be in continuous fluid communication with the first the HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example , the heat chamber, the second chamber configured to store at least a exchanger may be configured to receive an engine exhaust portion of the produced HHO gas. In certain embodiments , str m . In certain embodiments, for example, the heat for example, the vessel may be configured for passive exchanger may be configured to receive an engine coolant transport of HHO gas from the first chamber to the second stream . 35 chamber. In certain embodiments, for example , the second In certain embodiments, for example, the first chamber chamber may be configured to contain less than a 5 hour and the second chamber may be in continuous communica supply (for example in the range of a 10-30 minute supply , tion via a small size orifice (for example less than 5 % of the less than a 2 hour supply , less than a 1 hour supply, less than surface area of the free surface ). In certain embodiments, for a 30 minute supply , or less than a 10 minute supply ) hour example , the first chamber and the second chambermay be 40 supply ofHHO gas .

in restricted fluid communication . In certain embodiments , for example , a controller may be In certain embodiments , for example, the quantity of configured to control an electricity supply to the electrolysis electrolyte solution may be sufficient to produce a supply of cell to maintain a volume of HHO gas in the second chamber HHO gas for 60,000,000 crankshaft rotations of the internal within the storage pressure rage. combustion engine at an average load of 200 hp . 45 In certain embodiments, for example , the replaceable Certain embodiments may provide , for example , an pressure retaining and relief system may comprise a pressure onboard HHO generator for an over- the-road heavy duty release member , the pressure release member sized to truck powered by a heavy duty diesel engine, comprising : a release at least a portion of the contents of the vessel when dual-chamber vessel in communication with an internal the vessel pressure reaches the relief pressure . In certain combustion engine powering the heavy duty truck , compris- 50 embodiments, for example, the pressure release member ing: i) an electrolysis cell in a first chamber of the dual may be non -reclosing. In certain embodiments , for example , chamber vessel , the first chamber containing a quantity of the pressure release member may be configured to open the electrolyte solution , the quantity of electrolyte solution second chamber. In certain embodiments , for example , the sufficient to produce a supply of HHO gas for 60,000,000 relief pressure may be less than the lowest failure point of crankshaft rotations of the internal combustion engine; and 55 the vessel components.

ii ) a second chamber containing HHO gas and a quantity of In certain embodiments, for example , the replaceable replacement electrolyte solution , the contained HHO gas pressure retaining and relief system may comprise at least and the quantity of replacement electrolyte solution sharing one elongated retaining member. In certain embodiments , a free surface , the first chamber and the second chamber in for example, the at least one elongated retaining member continuous liquid communication , the second chamber dis- 60 may comprise a tie rod . In certain embodiments , for posed between the first chamber and the internal combustion example , the at least one elongated retaining member may engine. comprise an all- thread rod . In certain embodiments , for Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a dual example , the at least one elongated retaining member may chamber electrolysis vessel configured for safe generation stretch by at least 3/16 inch at the relief pressure . In certain and storage of HHO gas for use by an internal combustion 65 embodiments , for example , the replaceable pressure retain engine. In certain embodiments , for example, the vesselmay ing and relief system may be configured to open the vessel comprise reusable container components, at least one of the when the at least one elongated retaining member yields.

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In certain embodiments, for example, the reusable con HHO gas to at least one combustion chamber inlet of the tainer components may comprise: a first endplate , a first internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments , for hollow outer casing , a second hollow outer casing , and a example , the plurality of injectors may comprise: i) a first middle plate disposed between the first hollow outer casing injector configured to deliver a first portion of the HHO gas and the second hollow outer casing . 5 to within 3 inches of a first combustion chamber inlet of a In certain embodiments, for example, first and second first combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine; cylindrical members may be pressed against a circular ii) a second injector configured to deliver a second portion middle plate disposed there between via plural elongated of the HHO gas to a second combustion chamber inlet of a retaining members symmetrically distributed about the first second combustion chamber of the internal combustion and second cylindricalmembers , a first portion of the plural 10 engine ; and iii ) at least a third injector configured to deliver elongated retaining members passing through first apertures at least a third portion of the HHO gas to at least a third of a flange member of the first cylindricalmember and first combustion chamber inlet of at least a third combustion apertures of the middle plate , a second portion of the plural chamber of the internal combustion engine . elongated retaining members passing through second aper In certain embodiments, for example , the vessel may be in tures of the middle plate and apertures of a top plate, the top 15 communication with a heat exchanger, the heat exchanger plate pressed against the second cylindrical member. In configured to receive at least a portion of the HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, the vesselmay comprise certain embodiments, for example , the heat exchanger may a pressure release member, wherein the pressure release be configured to receive an engine exhaust stream . In certain member is the top plate of the second chamber. In certain embodiments, for example , the heat exchanger may be embodiments, for example, the first and second cylindrical 20 configured to receive an engine coolant stream . members may each have a diameter in the range of 4-12 In certain embodiments, for example , the first injector inches . In certain embodiments, for example, the non may be configured to deliver the first portion ofthe HHO gas reclosing pressure release member may be sized to form a during a portion of an intake stroke of a first combustion vent area of at least 20 cm2 within 0.1 milliseconds at the cylinder, the first combustion cylinder comprising the first third pressure . In certain embodiments, for example , the top 25 combustion chamber. In certain embodiments , for example, plate may be constructed of 3/8 inch stainless steel. In certain the portion of an intake stroke may be less than 50 % of the embodiments , for example , the middle plate may be con intake stroke. In certain embodiments , for example , the structed of a polyoxymethylenematerial. In certain embodi during a portion of an intake stroke may be when the intake ments, for example , the elongated retaining members may stroke is at an angle in the range of 0-40 ° from top -dead be all-thread rods fastened with lock nuts. In certain embodi- 30 center.

ments , for example , the lock nuts may be tightened to a Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a dual torque in the range of 50-100 lb -in . chamber electrolysis vessel configured for safe storage of In certain embod its, for example , the pressure relief HHO gas for use by an internal combustion engine . In system may be configured to open the vessel upon detona certain embodiments, for example , the vessel may comprise tion of HHO gas in the first chamber and /or the second 35 an electrolysis cell in a first chamber of the dual-chamber chamber. vessel, the electrolysis cell configured to produce HHO gas . In certain embodiments , for example , the vesselmay be In certain embodiments , for example, the vessel may com adapted for installation onboard a vehicle . In certain prise a pressure release member, the pressure release mem embodiments, for example, the vessel may be adapted for ber configured to form an opening in communication with a safe storage of HHO when the vehicle is moving . 40 pressure relief space when a pressure inside the vessel In certain embodiments , for example , the replaceable exceeds a predetermined pressure, the opening having a pressure retaining and relief system may be configured to surface area of at least 2 % ( for example at least 3 % , at least form a vent area at the top of the second chamber . 5 % , or at least 10 % ) the surface area of the vessel, the In certain embodiments , for example, the vessel may opening effective to bring the pressure of the vessel to a contain cooling coils in the first chamber. 45 pressure of the relief space in less than 50 ms (for example In certain embodiments, for example , the electrolysis cell in less than 10 ms, less than 5 ms, less than 1 ms, or less than may comprise electrodes, wherein a controller is configured 0.1 ms).

to control an electricity supply to the to the electrolysis cell In certain embodiments, for example , the electrolysis cell to provide a current density to the electrodes of 25-100 may be configured to produce HHO gas at a first pressure or mA/cm². In certain embodiments , for example, a controller 50 within a range of pressures, for example the electrolysis cell may be configured to control an electricity supply to the to may be in communication with a control system which the electrolysis cell to provide a voltage in the range of 11-15 controls a supply of electricity to the electrolysis cell based VDC . on a pressure in a vapor space of the second chamber, In certain embodiments , for example, a controller may be hereby a supply of electricity for generation of HHO gas configured to control an electricity supply to the to the 55 is provided only when the pressure in the vapor space falls electrolysis cell to maintain a temperature in the first cham in below said first pressure or said range of pressures . In ber of less than 65 ° C. certain embodiments , for example , the vessel may comprise In certain embodiments , for example , the relief pressure a second chamber, the second chamber in continuous fluid may be 1500 psig or more. communication with the first chamber, the second chamber In certain embodiments , for example , the vesselmay be in 60 configured to store at least a portion of the produced HHO communication with at least one injector, the at least one gas . In certain embodiments, for example, the vesselmay be injector configured to deliver at least a portion of the HHO configured for passive transport of HHO gas from the first gas to an internal combustion particulate filter (DPF ) regen chamber to the second chamber. In certain embodiments, for erator system . example , the second chambermay be configured to contain In certain embodiments, for example , the vessel may be in 65 a less than 5 hour supply ( for example less than a 2 hour communication with a plurality of injectors, the plurality of supply , less than a 1 hour supply , less than a 30 minute injectors configured to introduce at least a portion of the supply, or less than a 10 minute supply) of HHO gas . In

Page 29

certain embodiments, for example , a controller may be to control an electricity supply to the to the electrolysis cell configured to control an electricity supply to the to the to provide a current density to the electrodes of 25-100 electrolysis cell to maintain a pressure and an amount HHO mA/cm2.

gas in the second chamber. In certain embodiments , for In certain embodiments , for example , a controller may be example, the vessel may comprise a relief valve, the relief 5 configured to control an electricity supply to the to the valve sized to release at least a portion of the contents of the electrolysis cell to provide a voltage in the range of 11-15 second chamber at a second pressure, the second pressure VDC .

greater than the first pressure. In certain embodiments, for In certain embodiments, for example , a controller may be example , the pressure reliefmember may be non - reclosing . electrolysis tocellcontrol configured an electricity supply to the to the

In certain embodiments, for example, the pressure release 10 ber to maintain a temperature in the first cham of less than 65 ° C.

member may be configured to open the second chamber. In certain embodiments , for example , the predetermined pres or precertain

embodiments , for example , the predetermined designed pressure may be 1500 psig or more .

sure may be less than the failure point of the other compo In certain embodiments, for example , the pressure release nents ofthe vessel.In certain embodiments, for example, the 15 member may comprise a top endcap of the second chamber. first chamber and the second chamber may be secured to one Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a dual another by at least one elongated retaining member. In chamber electrolysis vessel configured for safe storage of certain embodiments , for example , the at least one elongated HHO gas for use by an internal combustion engine , com retainingmember may comprise a tie rod . In certain embodi prising : i) reusable container components, at least one of the ments , for example , the at least one elongated retaining 20 reusable container components dividing an interior of the member may comprise an all-thread rod. In certain embodi vessel into a first chamber and a second chamber, the first ments, for example, the at least one elongated retaining chamber containing an electrolysis cell , the electrolysis cell member may stretch by at least 3/16 inch at the predetermined configured to produce HHO gas; and ii ) a replaceable pressure. In certain embodiments, for example , the non pressure retaining and relief system , the replaceable pressure reclosing pressure release member may be configured to 25 retaining and relief system configured toa) retain the open when the at least one elongated retaining member reusable container components in a fixed configuration when yields. In certain embodiments , for example, the first and allow the contents of the vessel are below a relief pressure ; and b ) second chambers may be cylindrical. In certain embodi reuse of the reusable container components without repair by releasing contents of the vessel at the relief ments , for example , the first and second chambers may each 30 pressure be pressed against a circular middle plate via plural elon .

gated retaining members symmetrically distributed about for providing Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method the first and second chambers , a first portion of the plural certain embodimentsHHO gas to an internal combustion engine. In elongated retaining members passing through first apertures prise controlling a delivery , for example , the method may com temperature of the HHO gas by ofof the a flange member of the first chamber and first apertures 35 exchanging heat between the middle plate, a second portion of the plural elongated stream of the internal combustion HHO gas and an exhaust gas retaining members passing through second apertures of the ments, for example, the method mayengine . In certain embodi comprise delivering the middle plate and apertures of a top plate of the second HHO gas at the delivery temperature to at least one com chamber. In certain embodiments , for example , the top plate bustion chamber of the internal combustion engine. of the second chamber may be the pressure release member. 40 In certain embodiments, for example, the method may In certain embodiments, for example , the first and second further comprise powering a vehicle with the internal com chambers may each have a diameter in the range of 4-12 bustion engine.

inches. In certain embodiments , for example , the non In certain embodiments , for example, the HHO gas may reclosing pressure release member may be sized to form a be produced by an onboard electrolysis unit. vent area of at least 20 cm² within 0.1 milliseconds at the 45 In certain embodiments, for example , the controlling may third pressure . In certain embodiments, for example, the top comprise passing HHO gas from a gas outlet of the onboard plate may be constructed of 3/8 inch stainless steel. In certain electrolysis unit to a heat exchanger . In certain embodi embodiments , for example , the middle plate may be con ments , for example , the exhaust gas stream may be passed structed of Delrin® . In certain embodiments, for example, through the heat exchanger. In certain embodiments, for the elongated retaining members may be all - thread rods 50 example , the temperature of the exhaust gas stream may be fastened with lock nuts. In certain embodiments, for reduced by at least 30 ° F.

example, the lock nuts may be tightened to a torque in the In certain embodiments , for example, the controlling may range of 50-100 lb -in . increase the temperature of the HHO gas stream by at least In certain embodiments , for example , the pressure release 150 ° F.

member may be configured to open upon detonation ofHHO 55 In certain embodiments , for example, the heated HHO gas gas in the first chamber and / or the second chamber. may be delivered to the combustion chamber at a controlled In certain embodiments, for example, the vessel may be temperature . In certain embodiments, for example, the deliv adapted for installation onboard a vehicle . In certain ery temperature may be based on a predetermined set point. embodiments, for example, the vessel may be adapted for In certain embodiments , for example , the heated HHO gas safe storage of HHO when the vehicle is moving . 60 stream may be delivered to the combustion chamber at a In certain embodiments , for example , the pressure release temperature and a pressure to deliver a predetermined member may be configured to form vent area at the top of amount of HHO gas. In certain embodiments , for example , the second chamber. the heat may be exchanged in a shell and tube heat In certain embodiments , for example , the vessel may exchanger. In certain embodiments, for example , the HHO contain cooling coils in the first chamber . 65 gas may pass through a tube portion of the heat exchanger In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell and the exhaust gas stream may pass through a shell portion may comprise electrodes , wherein a controller is configured of the heat exchanger. In certain embodiments , for example ,

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the tube portion may comprise a single straight tube . In predetermined temperature or within a predetermined tem certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may have perature range (for example at a temperature in the range of a pressure drop of less than 0.05 psi in the heat exchanger. 100-175 ° F.)

Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method In certain embodiments, for example , the heated HHO gas for providing HHO gas to an internal combustion engine. In 5 stream may be delivered to the combustion chamber at a certain embodiments , for example , the method may com temperature and a pressure (for example at a temperature in prise controlling a delivery temperature of the HHO gas by the range of 100-175 ° F. and a pressure in the range of exchanging heat between the HHO gas and an exhaust gas 20-150 psig ) to deliver a predetermined amount of HHO gas. stream of the internal combustion engine . In certain embodi exchanged In certain embodiments, for example , the heat may be ments, for example , the method may comprise delivering a 10 embodiments in a shell and tube heat exchanger . In certain first portion of the HHO gas at the delivery temperature to a tube portion, of for example , the HHO gas may pass through the heat exchanger and the exhaust passes a first combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine , a second portion of the HHO gas at the delivery embodiments, for exampleof, the through a shell portion the heat exchanger . In certain tube portion may comprise a temperature to a second combustion chamber of the internal 15 single straight tube . In certain embodiments, for example , combustion engine, and at least a third portion of the HHO the HHO gas has a pressure drop of less than 1 psi ( for gas at the delivery temperature to at least a third combustion example less than 0.25 psi, less than 0.1 psi , or less than 0.05 chamber of the internal combustion engine . psi) in the heat exchanger.

In certain embodiments, for example , the HHO gas may Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method be further delivered regenerator system .

to a diesel particulate filter (DPF ) 20 for providing HHO gas to an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments , for example, the method may com

In certain embodiments, for example , the HHO gas may prise exchanging heat with exhaust of the internal combus be introduced to a first combustion chamber of the at least tion engine to control the temperature of the HHO gas one combustion chamber during a portion of an intake stroke delivered to a first combustion chamber of the internal of a first combustion cylinder, the first combustion cylinder 25 combustion engine , a second combustion chamber of the comprising the first combustion chamber. In certain embodi internal combustion engine, and at least a third combustion ments, for example, the portion of the intake stroke is less chamber of the internal combustion engine . than 50 % of the intake stroke. In certain embodiments, for Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method example , the during a portion of an intake stroke may be for providing HHO gas to an internal combustion engine , when the intake stroke is at an angle in the range of 0-40 ° 30 comprising: i) controlling a delivery temperature of the from top - dead -center. HHO gas by exchanging heat between the HHO gas and an Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method exhaust gas stream of the internal combustion engine ; and ii) for providing HHO gas to an internal combustion engine. In delivering the HHO gas the delivery temperature to at certain embodiments, for example, the method may com least one combustion chamber of the internal combustion prise exchanging heat with exhaust of the internal combus- 35 engine .

tion engine to control the temperature of the HHO gas Certain embodiments may provide , for example, a method delivered to at least one combustion chamber of the internal for providing HHO gas to an internal combustion engine, combustion engine. comprising : i) controlling a delivery temperature of the In certain embodiments , for example , the method may HHO gas by exchanging heat between the HHO gas and an further comprise powering a vehicle with the internal com- 40 exhaust gas stream of the internal combustion engine ; and ii) bustion engine . In certain embodiments, for example, the delivering a first portion of the HHO gas at the delivery HHO gas stream may be produced by an onboard electroly temperature to a first combustion chamber of the internal sis unit . In certain embodiments , for example, the indirectly combustion engine , a second portion of the HHO gas at the exchanging heat may comprise the exhaust exchanging heat delivery temperature to a second combustion chamber of the with a heat exchanger connected to a gas outlet of the 45 internal combustion engine , and at least a third portion of the onboard electrolysis unit. HHO gas at the delivery temperature to at least a third In certain embodiments, for example , the indirectly combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine. exchanging heatmay comprise the exhaust exchanging heat Certain embodiments may provide, for example , an abate with a heat exchanger connected to a gas outlet of the ment system for an electrolysis unit onboard a vehicle, onboard electrolysis unit . 50 comprising : a container having a partition between an elec In certain embodiments, for example, the temperature of trolysis chamber and an HHO gas collection chamber, the the exhaust may be reduced by at least 10 ° F. ( for example partition comprising a valve - free orifice , the electrolysis at least 20 ° F., at least 30 ° F., or at least 40 ° F.) relative to chamber configured to house a plurality of electrodes . In an internal combustion engine running under identical or certain embodiments , for example, the system may be substantially identical conditions (for example, taking into 55 effective to maintain the plurality of electrodes immersed in account engine load , average engine load , run -time, average a liquid electrolyte throughout all orientations of the con run -time, temperature , average temperature, speed, average tainer when a liquid level is filled to at least the indicated speed , rpm's , average rpm's , acceleration , average accelera minimum liquid level.

tion and/or type of primary fuel) without HHO gas. Certain embodiments may provide, for example , an elec In certain embodiments, for example, the temperature of 60 trolysis system container for a vehicle . In certain embodi the heated HHO gas stream may be at least 125° F. ( for ments, for example , the electrolysis system container may example at least 150 ° F. ). comprise a first chamber of the container containing an In certain embodiments , for example ,the heated HHO gas electrolysis generator, the electrolysis generator configured may be delivered to the combustion chamber at a controlled to produce HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example , temperature . In certain embodiments , for example, the 65 the electrolysis system container may comprise a second heated HHO gas stream may be delivered to the combustion chamber of the container in fluid communication with the chamber at a predetermined temperature or proximate the first chamber, the second chamber configured to receive and

Page 31

store HHO gas from the first chamber. In certain embodi Certain embodiments may provide , for example , an elec ments, for example , the electrolysis system container may trolysis system . In certain embodiments, for example , the comprise a rollover abatement system configured to seal off electrolysis system may comprise a first chamber containing HHO gas from returning to the first chamber from the plural electrolysis electrodes. In certain embodiments , for second chamber under any orientation of the container. 5 example , the electrolysis system may comprise a second In certain embodiments, for example, the rollover abate chamber having a height H and a diameter D , the height H ment system may have no moving parts. In certain embodi greater than the diameter D , the second chamber in fluid ments, for example , the container may have terminals for a communication with the first chamber. In certain embodi power supply . In certain embodiments, for example, the container may be coupled to a control system for the power 10 ments , for example , the electrolysis system may comprise an elongated dual-purpose nozzle configured to passively com supply municate ( for example fluidly communication via buoyancy In certain embodiments , for example , the electrolysis forces ) liquid system container may further comprise a pressure retaining chamber and theelectrolyte second and HHO gas between the first chamber , the elongated dual-pur and relief system , the pressure retaining and relief system configured to — i) prevent the container from leaking under 15 chamber pose nozzle defining an outlet disposed within the second , the outlet characterized by a diameter d , the pressure up to a relief pressure ; and ii ) releasing contents of dual-purpose nozzle positioned to provide a liquid seal the container at the relief pressure .

In certain embodiments , for example , the second chamber between the second chamber and the outlet under any may have a liquid storage space provisioned to contain a orientation of the second chamber when the second chamber quantity of a liquid electrolyte and a vapor space provi- 20 contains liquid electrolyte to a height of at least 12 H plus d . sioned to contain a portion of the on -demand supply ofHHO In certain embodiments , for example , the diameter D may gas. In certain embodiments , for example , the rollover be in the range of 4-12 inches . In certain embodiments , for abatement system may comprise a nozzle , the nozzle pro example , the diameter d may be in the range of 3/8-11/2 viding fluid communication between the first chamber and a inches. In certain embodiments, for example, the second second chamber, the nozzle configured to maintain a liquid 25 chamber may contain a vapor space having a height less than seal over the first chamber under any orientation of the first 1/2 H minus d ; and the distance from the outlet to a free chamber and / or the second chamber. In certain embodi surface of the liquid electrolyte may be less than at least d . ments, for example , the nozzle may be in fixed relation with In certain embodiments , for example, the elongated dual the first and second chambers. In certain embodiments, for purpose nozzle may be cylindrical. In certain embodiments , example , the nozzle may be an elongated dual -purpose 30 for example , the elongated dual-purpose nozzle may be nozzle configured to passively communicate liquid electro centrally positioned relative to a centerline of the first and lyte and HHO gas between the first chamber and the second second chambers . In certain embodiments , for example, the chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the elon electrolysis system may be configured for passive transport gated dual-purpose nozzle may define an outlet disposed of HHO gas from the first chamber to the second chamber within the second chamber. In certain embodiments , for 35 via the elongated dual-purpose nozzle. example , the nozzle may be in fixed relation with the first In certain embodiments , for example, the electrolysis and second chambers . In certain embodiments , for example , system may comprise a float switch in the second chamber. the nozzle may be a gooseneck nozzle . In certain embodi In certain embodiments , for example , the electrolysis ments, for example, the nozzle may be integral with a middle system may be configured to prevent flow of electricity to plate, the middle plate separating the first and second 40 the plural electrolysis electrodes when the float switch is in chambers. In certain embodiments, for example , the liquid a triggered position , for example closed . sealmay prevent transfer of vapor from second chamber to In certain embodiments, for example, the vapor space the first chamber under any orientation of the first and /or may have a volume of less than 30 % (for example in the second chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the range of 5-25 % , in the range of 5-15 % , less than 25 % , or less liquid seal may prevent transfer of gas from the second 45 than 15 % ) of the volume of the second chamber . chamber into the first chamber under ordinary operation of In certain embodiments, for example , the electrolysis the vehicle . In certain embodiments, for example, the liquid system may be in communication with at least one injector , seal may prevent transfer of gas from the second chamber the at least one injector configured to deliver at least a into the first chamber if the vehicle rolls over. portion of the supply ofHHO gas to a diesel particulate filter In certain embodiments, for example, the rollover abate- 50 (DPF ) regenerator system .

ment system may be passive . In certain embodiments, for In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis example, the rollover abatement system may be unpowered . system may be in communication with a plurality of injec In certain embodiments , for example, the first chamber tors, the plurality of injectors configured to introduce at least and the second chamber may be in fixed relation . In certain a portion of the supply ofHHO gas to at least one combus embodiments, for example , the first chamber and the second 55 tion chamber inlet of the internal combustion engine . In chamber may be defined by a dual-chamber pressure -resis certain embodiments, for example , the plurality of injectors tant vessel. may comprise: i) a first injector configured to deliver a first In certain embodiments, for example , the vehicle may be portion of the supply of HHO gas to within 3 inches of a first powered by an internal combustion engine . combustion chamber inlet of a first combustion chamber of In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis 60 the internal combustion engine ; ii) a second injector con system container may have a volume of sufficient to contain figured to deliver a second portion of the supply ofHHO gas at least 1 gallon of liquid electrolyte. In certain embodi to a second combustion chamber inlet of a second combus ments, for example , the volume of the second chambermay tion chamber of the internal combustion engine; and iii ) at be greater than the volume of the first chamber. In certain least a third injector configured to deliver at least a third embodiments , for example , the electrolysis system container 65 portion of the supply of HHO gas to at least a third may be adapted to be mounted in a fixed upright orientation combustion chamber inlet of at least a third combustion onboard the vehicle . chamber of the internal combustion engine .

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In certain embodiments, for example , a first injector may moving parts, or may have no mechanically actuated parts ). be configured to deliver a first portion of the HHO gas In certain embodiments, for example , the rollover abatement during a portion of an intake stroke of a first combustion system may be unpowered .

cylinder , the first combustion cylinder comprising the first In certain embodiments, for example, the first chamber combustion chamber. In certain embodiments , for example , 5 and the second chamber may be in fixed relation . In certain the portion of the intake stroke may be less than 50 % of the embodiments, for example , the first chamber and the second intake stroke . In certain embodiments, for example , the chamber may be defined by a dual-chamber pressure -resis during a portion of an intake stroke may be when the intake tant vessel. In certain embodiments , for example , the vol stroke is at an angle in the range of 0-40 ° from top -dead ume of the second chamber may be greater than the volume center. 10

In certain embodiments , for example , the electrolysis of Inthecertain first chamber.

system may be in communication with a heat exchanger, the bustion engineembodiments may be , for example , the internal com adapted to power the vehicle .

heat exchanger configured to receive at least a portion of the In certain embodiments , for example , the electrolysis HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example , the heat exchanger may be configured to receive an engine exhaust 15 system may have a volumeofsufficient to contain at least 1 stream . In certain embodiments, for example , the heat gallon of liquid electrolyte. In certain embodiments , for exchanger may be configured to receive an engine coolant example, the electrolysis system may be adapted to be stream . mounted in a fixed upright orientation onboard the vehicle . Certain embodiments may provide, for example , an elec Certain embodiments may provide , for example , an elec trolysis system for a vehicle . In certain embodiments , for 20 trolysis system . In certain embodiments , for example , the example , the electrolysis system may comprise a first cham electrolysis system may comprise a first chamber containing ber containing an electrolysis generator, the electrolysis plural electrolysis electrodes. In certain embodiments , for generator adapted to provide an on -demand supply of HHO example , the electrolysis system may comprise a second gas to an internal combustion engine, the internal combus chamber having a height H and a diameter D , the height H tion engine positioned on the vehicle. In certain embodi- 25 greater than the diameter D , the second chamber in fluid ments , for example, the electrolysis system may comprise a communication with the first chamber. In certain embodi second chamber in fluid communication with the first cham ments , for example , the electrolysis system may comprise an ber, the second chamber configured to receive the supply of elongated dual-purpose nozzle configured to passively com HHO gas from the first chamber. In certain embodiments, municate ( for example fluidly communication via buoyancy for example, the electrolysis system may comprise a rollover 30 forces) ( or continuously communicate ) liquid electrolyte abatement system configured to seal off the HHO vapor from and HHO gas between the first chamber and the second returning to the first chamber from the second chamber in chamber , the elongated dual-purpose nozzle defining an any orientation . outlet disposed within the second the outlet char In certain embodiments , for example, the second chamber acterized by a diameter d , the dual-purpose nozzle posi may have a liquid storage space provisioned to contain a 35 tioned to provide a liquid seal between the second chamber quantity of a liquid electrolyte and a vapor space provi and the outlet under any orientation of the second chamber sioned to contain a portion of the on -demand supply of HHO when the second chamber contains liquid electrolyte to a gas. In certain embodiments , for example , the rollover height of at least 1/2 H plus d .

abatement system may comprise a nozzle , the nozzle pro In certain embodiments , for example , the diameter D may viding fluid communication between the first chamber and a 40 be in the range of 4-12 inches . In certain embodiments, for second chamber , the nozzle configured to maintain a liquid example , the diameter d may be in the range of 3/8-11/2 seal over the first chamber under any orientation of the first inches . In certain embodiments , for example, the second chamber and / or the second chamber. In certain embodi chambermay contain a vapor space having a height less than ments , for example , the nozzle may be in fixed relation with 1/2 H minus d ; and the distance from the outlet to a free the first and second chambers. In certain embodiments , for 45 surface of the liquid electrolyte is less than at least d. In example , the nozzle may be an elongated dual-purpose certain embodiments , for example, the ratio of H to D may nozzle configured to passively communicate liquid electro be in the range of 1-3 , in the range of 1-2 , in the range of lyte and HHO gas between the first chamber and the second 1-1.5 , in the range of 1-1.4 , in the range of 1.2-1.75 , in the chamber. In certain embodiments , for example, the elon range of 1.2-1.4 , or the ratio of H to D may be in the range gated dual-purpose nozzle may define an outlet disposed 50 of 1.25-1.35 . In certain embodiments , for example , the ratio within the second chamber. In certain embodiments, for of d to D may be in the range of 1/ 16-1/3, in the range of 1/8-1 /4, example , the nozzle may be in fixed relation with the first or the ratio of d to D may be in the range of 14-1/5. and second chambers. In certain embodiments , for example , In certain embodiments , for example , the elongated dual the nozzle may be a gooseneck nozzle . In certain embodi purpose nozzle may be cylindrical. In certain embodiments, ments , for example , the nozzle may be integralwith a middle 55 for example , the elongated dual-purpose nozzle may be plate , the middle plate separating the first and second centrally positioned relative to a centerline of the first and chambers . In certain embodiments, for example , the liquid second chambers .

sealmay prevent transfer of vapor from second chamber to In certain embodiments, for example the electrolysis the first chamber under any orientation of the first and /or system may be configured for passive transport of HHO gas second chamber. In certain embodiments , for example, the 60 from the first chamber to the second chamber via the liquid seal may prevent transfer of gas from the second elongated dual- purpose nozzle.

chamber into the first chamber under ordinary operation of In certain embodiments , for example, the electrolysis the vehicle . In certain embodiments , for example , the liquid system may further comprise a float switch in the second seal may prevent transfer of gas from the second chamber chamber. In certain embodiments , for example , the elec into the first chamber if the vehicle rolls over. 65 trolysis system may be configured to prevent flow of elec In certain embodiments , for example, the rollover abate tricity to the plural electrolysis electrodes when the float ment system may be passive (for example may have no switch is in a triggered position .

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In certain embodiments, for example, the vapor space chamber when the second chamber contains liquid electro may have a volume of less than 50 % (for example less than lyte to a height of at least 1/2 H plus d . 40 % , less than 30 % , or less than 15 % ) of the volume of the Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method second chamber. for increasing carbonaceous fuel economy of an internal Certain embodiments may provide, for example , an elec- 5 combustion engine, the method comprising combusting (or trolysis system for a vehicle, comprising: i) a first chamber configuring the internal combustion engine to combust) a containing an electrolysis generator, the electrolysis genera quantity of carbonaceous fuel in at least one combustion tor adapted to provide an on - demand supply of HHO gas to chamber of the internal combustion engine in the presence an internal combustion engine , the internal combustion 10 of Inan certain ultra low quantity of HHO gas .

engine positioned on the vehicle; ii) a second chamber in bonaceous fuelembodiments , for example , the increased car fluid communication with the first chamber, the second increase in work performed perbe unit economy may measured as a percentage of carbonaceous fuel chamber configured to receive the supply ofHHO gas from ( for example when an internal combustion engine is used to the first chamber, and iii) a rollover abatement system power an automobile the increased carbonaceous fuel configured to seal off the HHO vapor from returning to the 15 economy may be measured as a percentage increase in the first chamber from the second chamber in any orientation . miles traveled per gallon of carbonaceous fuel combusted Certain embodiments may provide, for example , an elec (for example gasoline fuel, diesel fuel, or bio to fuel)). The trolysis system comprising : i) a first chamber containing improvement in fuel economymay be relative to the internal plural electrolysis electrodes ; ii ) a second chamber having a combustion engine running under identical or substantially height H and a diameter D , the height H greater than the 20 identical conditions (for example, taking into account engine diameter D , the second chamber in fluid communication load , average engine load , run -time, average run -time, tem with the first chamber; and iii) an elongated dual-purpose perature , average temperature , speed , average speed , rpm's , nozzle configured to passively communicate ( for example average rpm's, acceleration , average acceleration and/or fluidly communication via buoyancy forces) liquid electro type of primary fuel) without HHO gas. According to such lyte and HHO gas between the first chamber and the second 25 a measure , for example, the method may increase carbona chamber, the elongated dual-purpose nozzle defining an ceous fuel economy by at least 1 % ( for example increase the outlet disposed within the second chamber, the outlet char miles per gallon by at least 1 % ) compared to combusting the acterized by a diameter d , the dual-purpose nozzle posi quantity of carbonaceous fuel without the presence of the tioned to provide a liquid seal between the second chamber ultra low quantity of HHO gas, for example by at least 2 % , and the outlet under any orientation of the second chamber 30 at least 3 % , at least 4 % , at least 5 % , at least 10 % , at least when the second chamber contains liquid electrolyte to a 15 % , at least 18 % , at least 20 % , at least 25 % , at least 28 % , height of at least 1/2 H plus d . at least 30 % , at least 35 % , or the method may increase Certain embodiments may provide, for example , an abate carbonaceous fuel economy by at least 40 % compared to ment system for an electrolysis unit onboard a vehicle, combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel without the comprising : a container having a partition between an elec- 35 presence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas. In certain trolysis chamber and an HHO gas collection chamber, the embodiments, for example , the method may increase car partition comprising a valve -free orifice, the electrolysis bonaceous fuel economy by in the range of 1 to 50 % chamber configured to house a plurality of electrodes, the compared to combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel system effective to maintain the plurality of electrodes without the presence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas , immersed in a liquid electrolyte throughout all orientations 40 for example by in the range of 5 to 25 % , in the range of 5 of the container when a liquid level is filled to at least the to 20 % , in the range of 5 to 15 % , in the range of 10 to 20 % , indicated minimum liquid level. in the range of 15 to 25 % , in the range of 1 to 5 % , in the Certain embodiments may provide, for example , an elec range of 5 to 10 % , in the range of 5 to 25 % , in the range of trolysis system container for a vehicle, comprising : i) a first 7 to 12 % , in the range of 10 to 20 % , in the range of 18 to chamber of the container containing an electrolysis genera- 45 28 % , in the range of 20 to 25 % , in the range of 20 to 30 % , tor, the electrolysis generator configured to produce HHO in the range of 20 to 50 % , in the range of 30 to 35 % , in the gas ; ii ) a second chamber of the container in fluid commu range of 30 to 38 % , in the range of 40 to 50 % , in the range nication with the first chamber , the second chamber config of 40 to 45 % , in the range of 44 to 50 % , or the method may ured to receive and store HHO gas from the first chamber; increase carbonaceous fuel economyby in the range of 20 to and iii ) a rollover abatement system configured to seal off 50 30 % compared to combusting the quantity of carbonaceous HHO gas from returning to the first chamber from the fuel without the presence of the ultra low quantity of HHO second chamber under any orientation of the container. gas.

Certain embodiments may provide, for example , an elec Other measures of carbonaceous fuel economy are con trolysis system . In certain embodiments, for example , the templated herein . In certain embodiments , for example , the electrolysis system may comprise: i) a first chamber con- 55 internal combustion engine may be used in an electric taining plural electrolysis electrodes; ii ) a second chamber generator. In certain further embodiments , for example , the having a height H and a diameter D , the height H greater carbonaceous fuel economy may be measured as a percent than the diameter D , the second chamber in fluid commu age reduction in the carbonaceous fuel consumption per unit nication with the first chamber; and iii ) an elongated dual of work performed by the generator, for example the per purpose nozzle configured to passively communicate (for 60 centage reduction in the gallons of carbonaceous fuel con example fluidly communication via buoyancy forces ) liquid sumed perkilowatt to hour.According to such a measure, for electrolyte and HHO gas between the first chamber and the example , the method may reduce carbonaceous fuel con second chamber, the elongated dual-purpose nozzle defining sumption per unit of work performed by at least 1 % (for an outlet disposed within the second chamber, the outlet example reduce the gallons of carbonaceous fuel consumed characterized by a diameter d , the dual -purpose nozzle 65 per kilowatt to hour by at least 1 % ) compared to combusting positioned to provide a liquid seal between the second the quantity of carbonaceous fuel without the presence of the chamber and the outlet under any orientation of the second ultra low quantity of HHO gas , for example by at least 2 % ,

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at least 3 % , at least 4 % , at least 5 % , at least 10 % , at least in the range of 15 to 25 % , in the range of 20 to 25 % , in the 15 % , at least 20 % , at least 25 % , at least 30 % , at least 35 % , range of 20 to 30 % , in the range of 20 to 50 % , in the range at least 40 % , at least 45 % , or the method may reduce of 30 to 35 % , in the range of 30 to 38 % , in the range of 40 carbonaceous fuel consumption per unit ofwork performed to 50 % , in the range of 40 to 45 % , in the range of 44 to 50 % , by at least 50 % compared to combusting the quantity of 5 or the method may reduce soot emissions from the internal carbonaceous fuel without the presence of the ultra low combustion engine by in the range of 20 to 30 wt. % quantity ofHHO gas . In certain embodiments, for example, compared to combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel the method may reduce carbonaceous fuel consumption per without the presence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas. unit of work performed by in the range of 1 to 50 % In certain embodiments, for example , the method may compared to combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel 10 reduce the temperature of exhaust gases produced by the without the presence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas, internal combustion engine by at least 10 ° F. compared to for example by in the range of 5 to 25 % , in the range of 5 combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel without the to 20 % , the range of 5 to 15 % , in the range of 10 to 20 % , presence of the ultra low quantity ofHHO gas, for example in the range of 15 to 25 % , or the method may reduce by at least 20 ° F., at least 30 ° F., at least 40 ° F., at least 50 ° carbonaceous fuel consumption per unit of work performed 15 F., at least 80 ° F., or the method may reduce the temperature by in the range of 20 to 30 % compared to combusting the of exhaust gases produced by the internal combustion engine quantity of carbonaceous fuel without the presence of the by at least 100 ° F. compared to combusting the quantity of ultra low quantity of HHO gas. carbonaceous fuel without the presence of the ultra low In certain embodiments , for example , the method may quantity of HHO gas. The lower temperature may be relative reduce particulate emissions from the internal combustion 20 to the internal combustion engine running under identical or engine by at least 1 wt. % compared to combusting the substantially identical conditions (for example, taking into quantity of carbonaceous fuel without the presence of the account engine load , average engine load , run - time, average ultra low quantity of HHO gas, for example by at least 2 % , run - time, temperature , average temperature , speed , average at least 3 % , at least 4 % , at least 5 % , at least 10 % , at least speed , rpm's , average rpm's , acceleration , average accelera 15 % , at least 20 % , at least 25 % , at least 30 % , at least 35 % , 25 tion and /or type of primary fuel) without HHO gas . In at least 40 % , at least 45 % , or the method may reduce certain embodiments , for example , the method may reduce particulate emissions from the internal combustion engine the temperature of exhaust gases produced by the internal by at least 50 wt. % compared to combusting the quantity of combustion engine by in the range of 10 to 100 ° F. compared carbonaceous fuel without the presence of the ultra low to combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel without the quantity of HHO gas . In certain embodiments, for example , 30 presence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas, for example the method may reduce particulate emissions from the by in the range of 30 to 80 ° F., in the range of 40 to 80 ° F., internal combustion engine by in the range of 1 to 50 wt. % in the range of 50 to 100 ° F., in the range of 50 to 80 ° F., or compared to combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel the method may reduce particulate emissions produced by without the presence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas, the internal combustion engine by in the range of 80 to 100 ° for example by in the range of 5 to 25 % , in the range of 5 35 F. compared to combusting the quantity of carbonaceous to 20 % , in the range of 5 to 15 % , in the range of 10 to 20 % , fuel without the presence of the ultra low quantity of HHO in the range of 15 to 25 % , in the range of 1 to 5 % , in the gas .

range of 5 to 10 % , in the range of 5 to 25 % , in the range of In certain embodiments, for example , the internal com 7 to 12 % , in the range of 10 to 20 % , in the range of 15 to bustion enginemay be a gasoline engine . In certain embodi 25 % , in the range of 20 to 25 % , in the range of 20 to 30 % , 40 ments, for example , the internal combustion engine may be in the range of 20 to 50 % , in the range of 30 to 35 % , in the a diesel engine . In certain embodiments, for example, the range of 30 to 38 % , in the range of 40 to 50 % , in the range internal combustion engine may be a hybrid engine. In of 40 to 45 % , in the range of 44 to 50 % , or the method may certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion reduce particulate emissions from the internal combustion engine may be a biofuel engine . In certain embodiments, for engine by in the range of 20 to 30 wt. % compared to 45 example , the fuel combusted by the internal combustion combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel without the engine may comprise a biofuel. In certain embodiments, for presence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas. In certain example , the internal combustion engine may be a flex fuel embodiments , for example, the method may reduce soot engine. In certain embodiments , for example , the internal emissions from the internal combustion engine by at least 1 combustion engine may be a hydrogen fuel engine . In wt. % compared to combusting the quantity ofcarbonaceous 50 certain embodiments, for example , the internal combustion fuel without the presence of the ultra low quantity of HHO engine may be a compressed natural gas (CNG ) engine. In gas, for example by at least 2 % , at least 3 % , at least 4 % , at certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion least 5 % , at least 10 % , at least 15 % , at least 20 % , at least engine may be a liquefied natural gas (LNG ) engine. In 25 % , at least 30 % , at least 35 % , at least 40 % , at least 45 % , certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion or the method may reduce soot emissions from the internal 55 engine may be an engine that consumes ethanol,methanol, combustion engine by at least 50 wt. % compared to ethanol blends or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments , combusting the quantity of carbonaceous fuel without the for example, the internal combustion engine may be a presence of the ultra low quantity of HHO gas. In certain Sterling engine. In certain embodiments , for example , the embodiments, for example , the method may reduce soot internal combustion engine may be a rotary engine . In emissions from the internal combustion engine by in the 60 certain embodiments, for example , the internal combustion range of 1 to 50 wt. % compared to combusting the quantity engine may be an opposed -piston engine . In certain embodi of carbonaceous fuel without the presence of the ultra low ments, for example , the internal combustion engine may be quantity of HHO gas, for example by in the range of 5 to an engine on a bus , a commercial truck , an off - road con 25 % , in the range of 5 to 20 % , in the range of 5 to 15 % , in struction vehicle, an off - road heavy duty vehicle , a delivery the range of 10 to 20 % , in the range of 15 to 25 % , in the 65 vehicle, a line haul vehicle, construction and industrial range of 1 to 5 % , in the range of 5 to 10 % , in the range of equipment, auxiliary power equipment, refrigeration equip 5 to 25 % , in the range of 7 to 12 % , in the range of 10 to 20 % , ment, an airplane, a residential generator, a commercial

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generator. In certain embodiments , for example , the internal electrolyte solution per 10,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of combustion engine may be a marine engine or a mine haul the internal combustion engine per liter displacement of the engine . In certain embodiments, for example, the internal at least one combustion chamber. In certain embodiments, combustion engine may be a turbine engine or a jet engine . for example, the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be the In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combus- 5 quantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of in the tion engine may have in the range of 1 to 200 liters of range of 0.5 to 2 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solution displacement, for example, in the range of80 to 130 liters of per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of the internal com displacement, in the range of 4 to 30 liters of displacement, bustion engine per liter displacement (of the total combus in the range of 8 to 32 liters of displacement, in the range of tion chambers being treated with the HHO gas), for example 10 to 24 liters of displacement, in the range of 8 to 18 liters 10 in the range of 0.5 to 1.75 ounces, in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 of displacement, or the internal combustion engine may ounces , in the range of 0.75 to 1.25 ounces , in the range of have in the range of 12 to 16 liters of displacement . 0.8 to 1.2 ounces, in the range of 1 to 1.5 ounces, in the range In certain embodiments, for example , the ultra low quan of 1 to 1.25 ounces , or the ultra low quantity of HHO gas tity of HHO gas may be no more than a catalytic quantity of may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis HHO gas . In certain embodiments , for example , the ultra 15 of in the range of 0.9 to 1 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte low quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO solution per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of the inter gas formed by electrolysis of less than 2 ounces of an nal combustion engine per liter displacement of the at least aqueous electrolyte solution per 10,000,000 crankshaft revo one combustion chamber. In certain embodiments , for lutions of the internal combustion engine per liter of dis example , the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be the placement (of the total combustion chambers being treated 20 quantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of in the with the HHO gas), for example less than 1.75 ounces , less range of 0.5 to 2 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solution than 1.5 ounces, less than 1.25 ounces, less than 1 ounce , per 30,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of the internal com less than 0.75 ounces , less than 0.5 ounces, or the ultra low bustion engine per liter displacement (of the total combus quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas tion chambers being treated with the HHO gas), for example formed by electrolysis of less than 0.25 ounces of an 25 in the range of 0.5 to 1.75 ounces, in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 aqueous electrolyte solution per 10,000,000 crankshaft revo ounces, in the range of 0.75 to 1.25 ounces, in the range of lutions of the internal combustion engine per liter displace 0.8 to 1.2 ounces , in the range of 1 to 1.5 ounces , in the range ment of the at least one combustion chamber. In certain of 1 to 1.25 ounces , or the ultra low quantity of HHO gas embodiments , for example, the ultra low quantity of HHO may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed by elec- 30 of in the range of 0.9 to 1 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte trolysis of less than 2 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solution per 30,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of the inter solution per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of the inter nal combustion engine per liter displacement of the at least nal combustion engine per liter displacement (of the total one combustion chamber. In certain embod ts, for combustion chambers being treated with the HHO gas), for example , the ounces of aqueous electrolyte solution elec example less than 1.75 ounces , less than 1.5 ounces, less 35 trolyzed may be computed based on operation of the internal than 1.25 ounces, less than 1 ounce, less than 0.75 ounces , combustion engine under simulated driving conditions . In less than 0.5 ounces , or the ultra low quantity of HHO gas certain embodiments , for example , the ounces of aqueous may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis electrolyte solution electrolyzed may be computed based of less than 0.25 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solution operation of the internal combustion engine under controlled per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of the internal com- 40 test conditions. In certain embodiments , for example, the bustion engine per liter displacement of the at least one ounces of aqueous electrolyte solution electrolyzed may be combustion chamber. In certain embodiments, for example , computed based on ordinary operation of the internal com the ultra low quantity ofHHO gasmay be the quantity of the bustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of less than 2 ounces of an ounces of aqueous electrolyte solution electrolyzed may an aqueous electrolyte solution per 30,000,000 crankshaft revo- 45 average value determined from one or more of the foregoing lutions of the internal combustion engine per liter displace operating conditions.

ment (of the total combustion chambers being treated with In certain embodiments, for example, the ultra low quan the HHO gas ), for example less than 1.75 ounces, less than tity ofHHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed 1.5 ounces, less than 1.25 ounces, less than 1 ounce , less by electrolysis of in the range of 2 to 10 ounces of an than 0.75 ounces , less than 0.5 ounces, or the ultra low 50 aqueous electrolyte solution per 20,000,000 crankshaft revo quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas lutions of the internal combustion engine per liter displace formed by electrolysis of less than 0.25 ounces of an ment (of the total combustion chambers being treated with aqueous electrolyte solution per 30,000,000 crankshaft revo the HHO gas), for example in the range of 2 to 6 ounces, in lutions of the internal combustion engine per liter displace the range of 4 to 10 ounces, in the range of 2.75 to 4 ounces, ment of the at least one combustion chamber . In certain 55 in the range of 3 to 4 ounces , or the ultra low quantity of embodiments, for example, the ultra low quantity of HHO HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed by gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed by elec electrolysis of in the range of 3 to 3.5 ounces of an aqueous trolysis of in the range of 0.5 to 2 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solution per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of electrolyte solution per 10,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of the internal combustion engine per liter displacement of the the internal combustion engine per liter displacement of the 60 at least one combustion chamber. In certain embodiments , total combustion chambers being treated with the HHO gas), for example , the ounces of aqueous electrolyte solution for example in the range of 0.5 to 1.75 ounces, in the range electrolyzed may be computed based on operation of the of 0.5 to 1.5 ounces, in the range of 0.75 to 1.25 ounces, in internal combustion engine under simulated driving condi the range of 0.8 to 1.2 ounces, in the range of 1 to 1.5 ounces, tions. In certain embodiments , for example , the ounces of in the range of 1 to 1.25 ounces, or the ultra low quantity of 65 aqueous electrolyte solution electrolyzed may be computed HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed by based operation of the internal combustion engine under electrolysis of in the range of 0.9 to 1 ounces of an aqueous controlled test conditions . In certain embodiments, for

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example, the ounces of aqueous electrolyte solution elec In certain embodiments, for example, the ultra low quan trolyzed may be computed based on ordinary operation of tity ofHHO gas may be no more than a catalytic quantity of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments , for HHO gas . In certain embodiments, for example, the ultra example , the ounces of aqueous electrolyte solution elec low quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO trolyzed may an average value determined from one or more 5 gas formed by electrolysis of less than 2 ounces of an of the foregoing operating conditions. aqueous electrolyte solution per 5,000 miles of driving per In certain embodiments , for example , the ultra low quan liter displacement (of the total combustion chambers being tity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed ounces treated with the HHO gas ), for example less than 1.75 by electrolysis of in the range of 2 to 10 ounces of an 10 1 ounce, ,less than 1.5 ounces, less than 1.25 ounces, less than aqueous electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles driving dis ultra low less than 0.75 ounces , less than 0.5 ounces, or the quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the tance of a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine per liter displacement of the total combustion chambers HHO gas formed by electrolysis of less than 0.25 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solution per 5,000 miles of driving being treated with the HHO gas), for example in the range per liter displacement of the at least one combustion cham of 2 to 6 ounces, in the range of 4 to 10 ounces , in the range 15 ber. In certain embodiments , for example, the ultra low of 2.75 to 4 ounces , in the range of 3 to 4 ounces , or the ultra quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas low quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO formed by electrolysis of less than 2 ounces of an aqueous gas formed by electrolysis of in the range of 3 to 3.5 ounces electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles of driving per liter of an aqueous electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles driving displacement (of the total combustion chambers being distance of a vehicle powered by an internal combustion 20 treated with the HHO gas ), for example less than 1.75 engine per liter displacement (of the total combustion cham ounces, less than 1.5 ounces, less than 1.25 ounces, less than bers being treated with the HHO gas ). In certain embodi 1 ounce, less than 0.75 ounces, less than 0.5 ounces , or the ments , for example, the ounces of aqueous electrolyte solu ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the tion electrolyzed may be computed based on operation of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of less than 0.25 ounces of internal combustion engine under simulated driving condi- 25 an aqueous electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles of driving tions. In certain embodiments , for example, the ounces of per liter displacement of the at least one combustion cham aqueous electrolyte solution electrolyzed may be computed ber. In certain embodiments , for example , the ultra low based operation of the internal combustion engine under quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas controlled test conditions. In certain embodiments, for formed by electrolysis of less than 2 ounces of an aqueous example, the ounces of aqueous electrolyte solution elec- 30 electrolyte solution per 15,000 miles of driving per liter trolyzed may be computed based on ordinary operation of displacement (of the total combustion chambers being the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for treated with the HHO gas ), for example less than 1.75 example , the ounces of aqueous electrolyte solution elec ounces, less than 1.5 ounces, less than 1.25 ounces, less than trolyzed may an average value determined from one or more 1 ounce, less than 0.75 ounces , less than 0.5 ounces, or the of the foregoing operating conditions . 35 ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the In certain embodiments , for example , the quantity of HHO gas formed by electrolysis of less than 0.25 ounces of HHO formed by electrolysis and /or consumed by an internal an aqueous electrolyte solution per 15,000 miles of driving combustion engine having 13 liters of displacement may be per liter displacement of the at least one combustion cham the quantity formed by electrolysis of in the range of 0.5-1 ber. In certain embodiments, for example , the ultra low gallons of an aqueous electrolyte solution per 100 hours of 40 quantity of HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas operation at full load . In certain embodiments, for example, formed by electrolysis of in the range of 0.5 to 2 ounces of the quantity of HHO formed by electrolysis and /or con an aqueous electrolyte solution per 5,000 miles of driving sumed by an internal combustion engine powering a vehicle per liter displacement (of the total combustion chambers and having 13 liters of displacement may be the quantity being treated with the HHO gas ), for example in the range formed by electrolysis of in the range of 0.25-0.75 gallons 45 of 0.5 to 1.75 ounces , in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 ounces , in of an aqueous electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles traveling the range of 0.75 to 1.25 ounces, in the range of 0.8 to 1.2 distance of the vehicle . ounces , in the range of 1 to 1.5 ounces, in the range of 1 to In certain embodiments, for example , the quantity of 1.25 ounces, or the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be HHO formed by electrolysis and /or consumed by an internal the quantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of in the combustion engine may be the quantity formed by electroly- 50 range of 0.9 to 1 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solution sis of in the range of 2-25 ounces (for example in the range per 5,000 miles of driving per liter displacement of the at of 5-9 ounces ) of an aqueous electrolyte solution per liter of least one combustion chamber. In certain embodiments, for engine displacement per 100 hours of operation at full load example , the ultra low quantity of HHO gas may be the (or 20 % of rated maximum load or 50 % of rated maximum quantity of the HHO gas formed by electrolysis of in the load ). In certain embodiments , for example , the quantity of 55 range of 0.5 to 2 ounces of an aqueous electrolyte solution HHO formed by electrolysis and /or consumed by an internal per 10,000 miles of driving per liter displacement (of the combustion engine powering a vehicle and having 13 liters total combustion chambers being treated with the HHO gas ), of displacement may be the quantity formed by electrolysis for example in the range of 0.5 to 1.75 ounces, in the range of in the range of 0.25-0.75 gallons of an aqueous electrolyte of 0.5 to 1.5 ounces, in the range of 0.75 to 1.25 ounces, in solution per 10,000 miles traveling distance of the vehicle. 60 the range of 0.8 to 1.2 ounces, in the range of 1 to 1.5 ounces, Certain embodimentsmay provide, for example, a method in the range of 1 to 1.25 ounces, or the ultra low quantity of for increasing vehicle carbonaceous fuel economy, the HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed by vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine , com electrolysis of in the range of 0.9 to 1 ounces of an aqueous prising combusting (or configuring the vehicle to combust ) electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles of driving per liter a quantity carbonaceous fuel in at least one combustion 65 displacement of the at least one combustion chamber. In chamber of the internal combustion engine in the presence certain embodiments, for example , the ultra low quantity of of an ultra low quantity of HHO gas . HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed by

Page 37

electrolysis of in the range of 0.5 to 2 ounces of an aqueous of less than 125 ° F. and a pressure in the range of 45-55 psig, electrolyte solution per 15,000 miles of driving per liter a temperature of less than 125 ° F. and a pressure in the range displacement of the at least one combustion chamber , for of 48-50 psig , a temperature of less than 125 ° F. and a example in the range of 0.5 to 1.75 ounces , in the range of pressure in the range of 45-55 psig or the vapor space may 0.5 to 1.5 ounces, in the range of 0.75 to 1.25 ounces , in the 5 have a temperature of less than 100 ° F. and a pressure in the range of 0.8 to 1.2 ounces , in the range of 1 to 1.5 ounces, range of 45-55 psig or 48-50 psig . in the range of 1 to 1.25 ounces , or the ultra low quantity of In certain embodiments, for example , the aqueous elec HHO gas may be the quantity of the HHO gas formed by trolytemay be maintained and /or controlled at a temperature electrolysis of in the range of 0.9 to 1 ounces of an aqueous in the range of 90-120 ° F., for example at a temperature in electrolyte solution per 15,000 miles of driving per liter 10 the range of 95-120 ° F., at a temperature in the range of displacement (of the total combustion chambers being 100-115° F., or the aqueous electrolyte may be maintained treated with the HHO gas). In certain embodiments , for and /or controlled at a temperature in the range of 100-110 ° example , the ounces of aqueous electrolyte solution elec F. In certain embodiments , for example, a power supply to trolyzed may be computed based on simulated driving data the electrolysis unit may be adjusted (for example , inter ( for example simulated highway driving data ). In certain 15 rupted or resumed ) to control the temperature of the aqueous embodiments, for example , the ounces of aqueous electro electrolyte at a temperature in the range of 90-120 ° F., for lyte solution electrolyzed may be computed based on driving example at a temperature in the range of 95-120 ° F., at a under controlled test conditions. In certain embodiments, for temperature in the range of 100-115 ° F., or a power supply example , the ounces of aqueous electrolyte solution elec to the electrolysis unit may be adjusted (for example, trolyzed may be computed based on monitored driving data. 20 interrupted or resumed ) to control the temperature of the In certain embodiments, for example , the ounces of aqueous aqueous electrolyte at a temperature in the range of 100-110 ° electrolyte solution electrolyzed may an average value deter F. In certain embodiments, for example, a power supply to mined from one or more of the foregoing types of driving the electrolysis unit may be adjusted ( for example , inter data . rupted or resumed ) to control the temperature of the aqueous Certain embodiments may provide , for example, a method 25 electrolyte at a temperature in the range of 100-110 ° F. and for increasing carbonaceous fuel economy of an internal a pressure in the vapor space in in the range of 45-50 psig . combustion engine , comprising combusting (or configuring In certain embodiments , for example , the vapor space the internal combustion engine to combust) a quantity of may store less than a 1 hour supply of the formed HHO gas carbonaceous fuel in the presence of less than 250 ppm HHO for use by the internal combustion engine , for example less gas relative to the weight of the carbonaceous fuel com- 30 than a 45 minute supply , less than a 30 minute supply, less busted , for example less than 200 ppm , less than 150 ppm , than a 20 minute supply, less than a 10 minute supply, less less than 125 ppm , less than 100 ppm , less than 90 ppm , less than a 5 minute supply, less than a 4 minute supply , less than than 80 ppm , less than 75 ppm , less than 70 ppm , less than a 3 minute supply, less than a 2 minute supply, less than a 65 ppm , less than 60 ppm , less than 58 ppm , less than 57 1 minute supply , less than a 45 second supply , less than a 30 ppm , less than 50 ppm , less than 40 ppm , less than 30 ppm , 35 second supply, less than a 15 second supply , or the vapor less than 25 ppm , less than 20 ppm , less than 15 ppm , less space may store less than a 10 second supply of the formed than 10 ppm , or combusting (or configuring the internal HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, the vapor combustion engine to combust) a quantity of carbonaceous space may store at least a 1 second supply of the formed fuel in the presence of less than 6 ppm HHO gas relative to HHO gas for use by the internal combustion engine, for the weight of the carbonaceous fuel combusted . In certain 40 example at least a 5 second supply, at least a 5 second embodiments, for example , the quantity ofHHO gas may be supply , at least a 10 second supply, at least a 30 second in the range of 10-150 ppm relative to the weight of the supply , at least a 1 minute supply, at least a 2 minute supply , carbonaceous fuel, for example in the range of 20-100 ppm , at least a 3 minute supply , at least a 5 minute supply, at least in the range of 25-75 ppm , in the range of 30-60 ppm , or the a 7 minute supply, at least a 10 minute supply, at least a 20 quantity of HHO gas may be in the range of 50-60 ppm 45 minute supply , at least a 30 minute supply, or the vapor relative to the weight of the carbonaceous fuel combusted . space may store at least a 1 hour supply of the formed HHO Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method gas .

for producing HHO gas for use by an internal combustion In certain embodiments, for example , the vapor space engine , the method comprising : forming HHO gas from an may store in the range of a 1 second -3 hour supply of the aqueous electrolyte solution in an electrolysis unit, passively 50 formed HHO gas for use by the internal combustion engine, transporting the formed HHO gas to a vapor space in an for example in the range of a 1-5 second supply, in the range aqueous electrolyte solution replenishment reservoir con of a 5-10 second supply , in the range of a 10-30 second tained in the electrolysis unit, and storing a supply of the supply, in the range of a 30-60 second supply , in the range HHO gas in the vapor space . In certain embodiments, for of a 1-2 minute supply , in the range of a 2-4 minute supply, example , the pressure of the vapor space may be 80 psig or 55 in the range of a 4-5 minute supply, in the range of a 5-10 less, 60 psig or less, for example 55 psig or less, 50 psig or minute supply , in the range of a 10-20 minute supply , in the less, 48 psig or less, 45 psig or less, or the pressure may be range of a 20-30 minute supply , in the range of a 30-45 40 psig or less. In certain embodiments, for example , the minute supply , in the range of a 45-60 minute supply , or the pressure may be in the range of ( for example may have a vapor space may store in the range of a 1-3 hour supply of fixed value in the range or may fluctuate in the range of) 60 the formed HHO gas.

25-100 psig , for example , in the range of 40-80 psig , in the In certain embodiments, for example , the vapor space range of 40-60 psig , in the range of 45-55 psig , or the may store less than a 48,000 crankshaft revolutions supply pressure may be in the range of 48-50 psig . In certain of the formed HHO gas for use by the internal combustion embodiments , for example , the vapor space may have a engine, for example less than a 36,000 crankshaft revolu temperature of less than 180 ° F. and a pressure in the range 65 tions supply, less than a 24,000 crankshaft revolutions of 40-80 psig , for example a temperature of less than 150 ° supply , less than a 16,000 crankshaft revolutions supply, less F. and a pressure in the range of 45-70 psig , a temperature than a 10 minute crankshaft revolutions supply , less than a

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4,000 crankshaft revolutions supply , less than a 3,200 crank and a second defined space for holding a gas. In certain shaft revolutions supply, less than a 2,400 crankshaft revo embodiments, for example, the volume of the second lutions supply, less than a 1,600 crankshaft revolutions defined space may be equal to or greater than (for example supply, less than a 800 crankshaft revolutions supply , less the same as ) the volume of the first defined space . In certain than a 700 crankshaft revolutions supply , less than a 400 5 embodiments, for example , the volume of the second crankshaft revolutions supply, less than a 200 crankshaft defined space may be equal to or slightly less ( for example, revolutions supply, or the vapor space may store less than a at least 35 % ) of the volume of the first defined space . In 134 crankshaft revolutions supply of the formed HHO gas .

In certain embodiments, for example , the vapor space may certain embodiments, for example steady state applications, store at least a 13 crankshaft revolutions supply of the 10 (for exampleof, less the volume the second defined space may be a fraction than 15 % ) of the volume of the first formed HHO gas for use by the internal combustion engine, defined space . In certain for example at least a 66 crankshaft revolutions supply, at (including for instance allembodiments ) of the , one ormore than one following embodiments least a 133 crankshaft revolutions supply , at least a 400 may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts crankshaft revolutions supply, at least a 800 crankshaft thereof. In certain embodiments , for example , the pressure revolutions supply , at least a 1,600 crankshaft revolutions resistant container may be capable ofmaintaining a pressure

supply, at least a 2,400 crankshaft revolutions supply, at least in excess of 100 psi ( for example in excess of 150 psi or in a 4,000 crankshaft revolutions supply, at least a 5,600 crankshaft revolutions supply , at least a 8,000 crankshaft excess of 200 psi). In certain embodiments, for example, the revolutions supply , at least a 16,000 crankshaft revolutions electrolysis cell may further comprise a pressure relief valve supply , at least a 24,000 crankshaftrevolutions supply , or the 20 configured to open when a pressure of gas inside the vapor space may store at least a 48,000 crankshaft revolu container exceeds 80 psi (for example when the pressure of tions supply of the formed HHO gas. In certain embodi the gas exceeds 125 psi or in excess of 150 psi). ments, for example , the vapor space may store in the range In certain embodiments, for example , the pressure -resis of a 13-144,000 crankshaft revolutions supply ofthe formed tant container may further comprise a positive terminal, a HHO gas for use by the internal combustion engine , for 25 negative terminal, a gas outlet, an electrolyte solution fill example in the range of a 13-67 crankshaft revolutions port and /or a drain port and optionally sensor, switch and /or supply, in the range of a 66-133 crankshaft revolutions safety device ports . In certain embodiments, for example, supply , in the range of a 133-400 crankshaft revolutions the positive terminal may be connected to at least one of the supply , in the range of a 400-800 crankshaft revolutions plurality of electrolysis plates , and the negative terminal supply , in the range of a 800-1,600 crankshaft revolutions 30 may be connected to at least another one (or at least one plate supply, in the range of a 1,600-3,200 crankshaft revolutions different than any of the at least one plates that the positive supply, in the range of a 3,200-4,000 crankshaft revolutions terminal is connected to ) of the plurality of electrolysis supply, in the range of a 4,000-8,000 crankshaft revolutions plates. In certain embodiments , for example , the positive supply, in the range of a 8,000-16,000 crankshaft revolutions terminal may provide an electrical connection to one of the supply , in the range of a 16,000-24,000 crankshaft revolu- 35 plurality of plates from a connection point outside the tions supply, in the range of a 24,000-36,000 crankshaft container. In certain embodiments , for example , the negative revolutions supply, in the range of a 36,000-48,000 crank terminalmay provide an electrical connection to one of the shaft revolutions supply , or the vapor space may store in the plurality of plates from a connection point outside the range of a 48,000-144,000 crankshaft revolutions supply of container. In certain embodiments , for example , the positive the formed HHO gas. 40 terminal and the negative terminal may be in electrical In certain embodiments, for example, the vapor space and /or electrochemical communication predominately ( for may comprise less than 40 % of the volume of the aqueous example , greater than 85 % , greater than 90 % , greater than electrolyte solution replacement reservoir , for example less 95 % , or greater than 98 % of the current flowing between the than 35 % , less than 30 % , less than 25 % , less than 20 % , less terminals) flows through the plurality of plates. In certain than 15 % , less than 10 % , less than 5 % , or the vapor space 45 embodiments , for example, the plurality of plates may be may comprise less than 2 % of the volume of the aqueous configured as a stack of approximately parallel plates in electrolyte solution replacement reservoir. In certain fixed relation comprising two end plates and remaining embodiments, for example , the vapor spacemay comprise at plates spaced an approximately equal distance between least 2 % of the volume of the aqueous electrolyte solution adjacent plates. In certain further embodiments, for replacementreservoir, for example at least 5 % , at least 10 % , 50 example , the positive terminalmay be attached to one of the at least 15 % , at least 20 % , at least 25 % , at least 30 % , at least end plates and the negative terminal may be attached to the 35 % , or the vapor space may comprise at least 40 % of the other of the end plates. In certain further embodiments , for volume of the aqueous electrolyte solution replacement example , the positive terminalmay be attached to at least reservoir . In certain embodiments , for example, the vapor one interior plate and the negative terminal may be attached space may comprise in the range of 2-40 % of the volumeof 55 to at least one or two exterior plates, and vice versa. In the aqueous electrolyte solution replacement reservoir, for certain further embodiments, for example , the positive ter example in the range of 2-10 % , in the range of 10-30 % , in minal may be attached to several plates, for example every the range of 10-20 % , in the range of 20-25 % , in the range other plate, and the negative terminal may be attached to of 25-30 % , in the range of 30-35 % , in the range of 35.40 % , several other plates, for example every other of the other or the vapor space may comprise in the range of 2-15 % of 60 plates, in an alternating fashion ( for example , +/-/+/+/+/ the volume of the aqueous electrolyte solution replacement fashion ). In certain embodiments , for example , the plurality reservoir. ofelectrolysis plates may be fully immersed (or at least 50 % Certain embodiments may provide, for example , an elec immersed ) in the electrolyte solution . In certain embodi trolysis cell comprising : a pressure -resistant container com ments, for example, the plurality of plates may be at least prising a first defined space for holding an aqueous electro- 65 partially insulated to reduce (for example by at least 50 % or lyte solution , a plurality of electrolysis plates ( also referred at least 95 % ) or prevent direct electrochemical communi to as electrode plates ) retained within the first defined space, cation expressed as Watts of energy transferred between

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non -adjacent plates without first undergoing electrochemical In certain embodiments , for example, the second defined communication with at least one adjacent plate. space may have a volume of at least one quart ( for example In certain embodiments, for example , the pressure -resis at least 1 gallon ). In certain embodiments, for example , the tant container may contain sufficient aqueous electrolyte second defined space may have a volume of no more than 10 solution to provide an internal combustion engine with 5 gallons (for example no more than 5 gallons ). In certain sufficient HHO gas for at least 500 hours of operation , for embodiments, for example , the second defined spacemay be example at least 680 hours, at least at least 1300 hours , at in direct fluid communication with the pressure relief valve . least 2000 hours, at least 2500 hours, or the pressure In certain embodiments , for example , the electrolysis cell resistant container may contain sufficient aqueous electro may further comprise a heat exchanger in communication lyte solution to provide an internal combustion engine with 10 with , integral to , or connected to the gas outlet. In certain sufficient HHO gas for at least 5000 hours . embodiments, for example , the pressure-resistant container In certain embodiments , for example, the electrolysis cell may further comprise a housing. In certain embodiments, for may be installed onboard an automotive vehicle . In certain example , the pressure -resistant container may further com further embodiments, for example , the pressure-resistant prise a seal capable of preventing leakage of the electrolyte container may contain sufficient aqueous electrolyte solution 15 solution and the gas from the container. to provide an internal combustion engine with sufficient In certain embodiments, for example , the first defined HHO gas for at least 10,000 miles of operation of the space may be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte automotive vehicle, for example at least 25,000 miles, at solution to supply a sufficient amount of HHO gas for at least 50,000 miles, at least 100,000 miles, at least 250,000 least 1 month (for example at least 2 months ) of operation miles , at least 500,000 files, at least 750,000 miles, or the 20 of the host engine ( i.e., the engine or engines it is supplying pressure -resistant container may contain sufficient aqueous second fuel to ). In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution to provide an internal combustion engine first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of with sufficient HHO gas for at least 1,000,000 miles. electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least In certain embodiments , for example, the electrolysis 30,000 miles of driving or 60,000,000 crankshaft rotations. plates may comprise between 5 and 15 plates ( for example 25 In certain embodiments , for example , the first defined space 7-12 plates ). In certain embodiments , for example, the may be configured to hold at least 1 -quart, 1/2-gallon , or plurality of electrolysis plates may have a thickness of0.5-4 1 - gallon of electrolyte solution . In certain embodiments , for mm , for example 1-2 mm . In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous example , the plurality of electrolysis plates may be separated electrolyte solution with a concentration of electrolyte of by a distance in the range of 0.5-8 mm from one another (for 30 less than 2 percent by volume.

example 0.5-1.5 mm of separation ). In certain embodiments, Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an appa for example, at least two of the plurality of electrolysis ratus for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion plates may comprise a point for attaching to least one engine, comprising : an electrolysis cell for generating the electrode. In certain embodiments, for example , the elec HHO gas , and a plurality of HHO gas control valves (for trolysis cell may further comprise a slot for securing at least 35 example a plurality of injectors) configured to deliver the one of the plurality of electrodes . In certain embodiments , HHO gas to a plurality of intake ports of the internal for example, at least a portion of at least one surface of at combustion engine . In certain embodiments, one or more least one of the plurality of electrolysis plates may comprise than one ( including for instance all) of the following (for example be coated with a high conductivity material, embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments for example platinum or a platinum -containing alloy. In 40 or parts thereof. In certain embodiments , for example , the certain embodiments , for example , at least a portion of at plurality of injectors may comprise a number of injectors at least one surface of at least one of the plurality of electroly least equal to a number of a plurality of engine cylinders. In sis plates may be coated with titanium or a titanium certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of injectors containing alloy. In certain embodiments , for example , at may be designed to deliver the HHO gas within an intake least a portion of at least one surface of at least one of the 45 manifold of the engine ( i.e. the HHO gas is not mixed or plurality of electrolysis platesmay be coated with iridium or does not come into contact with intake air until it is released an iridium -containing alloy . In certain embodiments, for from the tube (or lance) connected to the respective injec example , at least one of the plurality of electrolysis plates tor ). In certain embodiments , for example, the plurality of (for example inclusive of all of the electrolysis plates ) may injectors may deliver HHO gas within 3 inches (for example comprise at least one hole. In certain embodiments, for 50 within 0.5 inches ) from each intake port (or orifice of the example , the plurality of electrolysis plates may be arranged intake valve ) of a plurality of cylinders. In certain embodi such that the holes of each pair of adjacent plates are not ments, for example , the plurality of injectors may be posi aligned . In certain embodiments, for example , the plurality tioned , configured , equipped , and/ or designed to directly of electrolysis plates may be arranged such that the holes of inject into the combustion chamber in a fashion similar or each pair of adjacent plates may be located in opposite 55 the same as the primary fuel is injected into the combustion corners . In certain embodiments , for example , the electroly chamber in some applications). In certain embodiments, for sis cell may further comprise an electrical isolator between example , at least one of the plurality of injectors may be each pair of adjacent plates of the plurality of electrolysis positioned adjacent to at least one of the plurality of engine plates. cylinders , at least a second injector of the plurality of In certain embodiments, for example , the plurality of 60 injectors may be positioned adjacent to at least a second electrolysis plates may be electrically insulated from the cylinder of the plurality of engine cylinders , and at least a pressure-resistant container. In certain embodiments, for third injector of the plurality of injectors may be positioned example , the interior of the pressure-resistant container may adjacent to at least a third cylinder of the plurality of engine comprise an electric insulator (for example, and electrically cylinders In certain embodiments, for example , each of the insulating coating ). In certain embodiments, for example, an 65 plurality of injectors may be equipped with a lance that inner lining of the pressure -resistantcontainer may comprise extends from the outlet end of the respective injector to a an electric insulator. position proximate an intake port of a cylinder. The lances

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serve to deliver the HHO gas deep into the intake port near cylinder engine may be fitted with 8 HHO gas injectors (one (for example, within 3 inches , or within 2 inches or between positioned to feed HHO gas into the respective intake port 0.5 to 2 inches or less than 1 inch from ) an orifice of the for each cylinder ) or 16 HHO gas injectors (two positioned intake valve . In certain embodiments , for example, the lance to feed HHO gas into the respective intake port for each may deliver air - free HHO gas into the intake port. In certain 5 injector).

further embodiments, for example , the HHO gas present in Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method the lance may be air-free (or at least substantially air -free ). for increasing carbonaceous fuel economy of an internal In certain embodiments, for example, air-free (or substan combustion engine, comprising : delivering a quantity of tially air - free ) HHO gas provided by an injector may mix HHO gas in a stream of oxygen -containing gas to a com with air inside a portion of the lance. 10 bustion cylinder of the internal combustion engine at an Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method angle in the range of 90 to 180 ° from top -dead -center, for to increasing carbonaceous fuel economy of an internal example at an angle in the range of 120 to 180 ° , in the range combustion engine, comprising: introducing a quantity of of 150 to 180 °, in the range of 150 to 178° , in the range of HHO gas into an intake port of a combustion chamber of the 160 to 178 °, in the range of 100-160 °, in the range of internal combustion engine at an angle in the range of – 75 15 170-180 °, or delivering a quantity of HHO gas in a stream to 75º relative to a centerline of the combustion chamber, for of oxygen -containing gas to a combustion cylinder of the example in the range of -5 to 5º , 5 to 10 ° , in the range of internal combustion engine at an angle in the range of 175 10 to 20 °, in the range of 20 to 30 ° , in the range of 30 to 40 ° , to 180 ° from top - dead - center. in the range of 40 to 50 ° , in the range of 50 to 60 °, in the In certain embodiments, for example , the engine may range of60 to 75 ° , in the range of 20 to 60 °, in the range of 20 have for example from 6 to 20 cylinders and the HHO gas 25 to 50 °, in the range of 30 to 45 °, in the range of 35 to 60 °, distribution system may have a corresponding number of -5 to -10 °, in the range of -10 to -20 °, in the range of -20 injectors to service each of the cylinders (for example , an 8 to -30 °, in the range of -30 to -40 °, in the range of -40 to cylinder engine may be fitted with 8 HHO gas injectors (one -50 ° , in the range of – 50 to -60 ° , in the range of -60 to positioned to feed HHO gas into the respective intake port -75 °, in the range of -20 to -60 °, in the range of -25 to 25 for each cylinder) or 16 HHO gas injectors (two positioned -50 °, in the range of -30 to -45 ° , in the range of -35 to to feed HHO gas into the respective intake port for each -60 °, in the range of -35 to -55 °, or introducing a quantity injector ).

of HHO gas into an intake port of a combustion chamber of Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method the internal combustion engine at an angle in the range of 35 for increasing carbonaceous fuel economy of an internal to 55° relative to a centerline of the combustion chamber. In 30 combustion engine, comprising: delivering a quantity of certain embodiments, for example, the method may further HHO gas in a stream of oxygen -containing gas to a com comprise: introducing a quantity ofHHO gas into an intake bustion cylinder of the internal combustion engine at an port of a combustion chamber of the internal combustion angle of at least 90 ° from top -dead -center, for example at an engine at an angle in the range of -75 to 75º relative to a angle of at least 125 °, at least 150 °, or delivering a quantity centerline of the intake port, for example in the range of –5 35 of HHO gas in a stream of oxygen -containing gas to a to 50 , 5 to 10 °, in the range of 10 to 20 ° , in the range of 20 combustion cylinder of the internal combustion engine at an to 30 °, in the range of 30 to 40°, in the range of 40 to 50 °, angle of at least 170 ° .

in the range of 50 to 60° , in the range of 60 to 75°, in the In certain embodiments , for example , the engine may range of 20 to 60 °, in the range of 25 to 50 ° , in the range of have for example from 6 to 20 cylinders and the HHO gas 30 to 45 °, in the range of 35 to 60 °, -5 to -10 °, in the range 40 distribution system may have a corresponding number of of -10 to -20 ° , in the range of -20 to -30 °, in the range of injectors to service each of the cylinders (for example , an 8 -30 to -40 °, in the range of -40 to -50 °, in the range of -50 cylinder engine may be fitted with 8 HHO gas injectors (one to -60 ° , in the range of -60 to -75 ° , in the range of -20 to positioned to feed HHO gas into the respective intake port -60 °, in the range of -25 to -50 ° , in the range of -30 to for each cylinder) or 16 HHO gas injectors (two positioned -45 °, in the range of -35 to -60 ° , in the range of -35 to 45 to feed HHO gas into the respective intake port for each –55º, or introducing a quantity of HHO gas into an intake injector).

port of a combustion chamber of the internal combustion Certain embodiments may provide , for example, an appa engine at an angle in the range of 35 to 55 ° relative to a ratus for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion centerline of the intake port. In certain embodiments , for engine, comprising : an electrolysis cell for generating the example, one or more of the lances may be configured to 50 HHO gas , and a flow regulator configured to start and stop provide the foregoing angle of introduction . a flow of the HHO gas from the electrolysis cell to a plurality Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method of injectors of the internal combustion engine. In certain for increasing carbonaceous fuel economy of an internal embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance combustion engine, comprising : delivering a quantity of all ) of the following embodiments may comprise each of the HHO gas in a stream of oxygen -containing gas to a com- 55 other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments , bustion cylinder of the internal combustion engine at an for example , the apparatus may further comprise a gas angle in the range of 5 to 35º from top-dead -center, for pressure regulator. In certain embodiments , for example, the example at an angle in the range of 5 to 8 °, in the range of gas pressure regulator may control the gas pressure at an 8 to 10 °, in the range of 10 to 12 °, in the range of 12 to 14 ° , outlet port. In certain embodiments, for example, the appa in the range of 14-20 °, in the range of 20-30 °, or delivering 60 ratus may further comprise a heat exchanger . In certain a quantity of HHO gas in a stream of oxygen -containing gas embodiments, for example , the heat exchanger may provide to a combustion cylinder of the internal combustion engine at least two separate fluid paths, wherein the at least two at an angle in the range of 30 to 35º . separate fluid paths may be in thermal communication . In In certain embodiments, for example, the engine may certain further embodiments , for example, at least one of the have for example from 6 to 20 cylinders and the HHO gas 65 at least two separate fluid paths may be configured to receive distribution system may have a corresponding number of an engine coolant. In certain embodiments, for example, at injectors to service each of the cylinders (for example , an 8 least one of the at least two separate fluid paths may be

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configured to receive at least a portion of the gas generated single cylinder and /or provide multi-points of injection for from the electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments , for multiple cylinders (for example, four injectors could each be example , the heat exchanger may control the outlet tem fitted with , for example , two lances each and the first injector perature of gas exiting an outlet port . In certain embodi could serve to inject HHO gas within the intake port of the ments, for example , the gas pressure regulator may be 5 first and fourth cylinders of the host engine and , similarly , equipped with a heat exchanger ( for example the foregoing the second and third injectors could serve to inject HHO gas heat exchanger). In certain further embodiments, for within the intake ports of the second and fifth cylinders, and example , the gas pressure regulator may control the outlet the third and sixth cylinders, respectively . In certain embodi pressure and outlet temperature of gas exiting an outlet port ments, for example, at least one lance of the plurality of of the gas pressure regulator . In certain further embodi- 10 lances may comprise at least one outlet, at least a second ments , for example , the gas exiting the gas pressure regu lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least a lator may be controlled to have a temperature greater than second outlet, and at least a third lance of the plurality of 35° C. (for example greater than 45º C.). In certain embodi lances may comprise at least a third outlet. In certain ments, for example, the HHO gas passing through the embodiments, for example , the at least one outlet may be regulator may be cooled and /or heated by exchanging heat 15 positioned within 3 inches (for example between 0.5 and 1.5 through the heat exchanger with engine coolant and there inches ) of an air flow port of at least one cylinder of a fore have a regulator exit temperature with plus or minus 10 plurality of cylinders of the internal combustion engine, the degrees , for example + 5° C., of the engine coolant tempera at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 inches ture. In certain embodiments , for example , use of the engine ( for example between 0.5 and 1.5 inches) of an air flow port coolant to control the temperature of theHHO gas and /or use 20 of at least a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders , and of the pressure regulator to control the pressure of the HHO at least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for gas may allow pre -determined amounts of the HHO gas to example between 0.5 and 1.5 inches) of an air flow port of be introduced to at least one combustion chamber of a at least a third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders . In plurality of combustion chambers of the internal combustion certain embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet engine. In certain embodiments, for example , the aforesaid 25 may be positioned within 1 inch (for example within 0.25 temperature and pressure control may provide more precise inches) of an engine valve seat of a plurality of engine valve control over the amount of HHO gas introduced into the seats of the internal combustion engine, the at least a second internal combustion engine in comparison to a system outlet may be positioned within 1 inch (for example within lacking said controls (for example a traditional system for 0.25 inches) of a second engine valve seat of the plurality of introducing electrolysis gases into an internal combustion 30 engine valve seats , and the at least a third outlet may be engine) positioned within 1 inch ( for example within 0.25 inches ) of In certain embodiments, for example, the gas pressure a third engine valve seat of the plurality of engine valve regulator pressure may be at least partially controlled rela seats. In certain embodiments , for example , the at least one tive to an intake manifold pressure (for example, 5-25 psi, or outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example 10-15 psi higher than the air pressure in the intake manifold , 35 between 0.5 and 1.5 inches ) of an orifice of an air intake downstream of a turbocharger ) of the internal combustion valve ofat least one cylinder of the plurality of cylinders,the engine . In certain embodiments, for example, the gas pres at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 inches sure regulator may be at least partially controlled by pres ( for example between 0.5 and 1.5 inches) of an orifice of an sure communicated from an intake manifold pressure of the air intake valve of at least a second cylinder of the plurality internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for 40 of cylinders , and the at least a third outlet may be positioned example , the gas pressure regulator may be characterized by within 3 inches ( for example between 0.5 and 1.5 inches ) of an opening pressure. In certain further embodiments , for an orifice of an air intake valve of at least a third cylinder of example , the opening pressure may be configured based on a plurality of cylinders.

the intake manifold pressure of the internal combustion Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a second engine . In certain embodiments , for example, the gas pres- 45 fuel ( for example an HHO gas) system for an internal sure regulator pressure may be at least partially controlled combustion engine, comprising : a pressure - resistant con relative to an intake manifold pressure (for example , 5-25 tainer , a multi -point gas distribution system comprising a psi, or 5-15 psi, or 5-8 psi, or 10-15 psi higher than the air plurality of control valves to distribute separate portions of pressure in the intake manifold , downstream of a turbo the second fuel to multiple locations about the internal charger). In certain further embodiments, for example , the 50 combustion engine, and a multi -point gas distribution con intake manifold pressure may vary based on and/or during trol system that controls the plurality of control valves to the operation of the internal combustion engine . control the amount and timing of the delivery of the second Certain embodiments may provide, for example , an appa fuel to the multiple locations about the internal combustion ratus for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion engine . In certain further embodiments, for example , the engine, comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the 55 pressure resistant container may comprise an electrolysis HHO gas, and a gas distribution harness comprising a cell configured to generate a second fuel from an electrolyte plurality of tubes (or lances) configured to deliver the HHO solution , and a storage volume to hold a volume of the gas to a plurality of intake ports of the internal combustion second fuel at a pressure greater than 40 psia. In certain engine , for example a multi -point injection system . In cer further embodiments, for example, the at least one of the tain embodiments, one or more than one ( including for 60 multiple locations may comprise at least one air intake instance all) of the following embodiments may comprise orifice . In certain further embodiments, for example , the each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain multi -point gas distribution control system may be config embodiments, for example , the number of the plurality of ured to deliver at least a portion of the second fuel in a timed lances may be equal to a number of a plurality of injectors sequence based on an intake stroke timing of the at least one or at least one injector, including all the injectors, may be 65 air intake orifice . In certain further embodiments , for fitted with multiple lances, for example , two or more lances example , at least a second one of the at least one of the configured to provide two or more points or injection for a multiple locations may comprise at least one air intake

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orifice . In certain further embodiments, for example , the crankshaft revolutions of the host engine per 2000 hp multi- point gas distribution control system may be further average output of the host engine. configured to deliver at least a second portion of the second In certain embodiments, for example, the method may fuel in a timed sequence based on an intake stroke timing of comprise introducing in the range of 1.25-30 liters (for the at least one air intake orifice of the at least second one 5 example in the range of 1.5-10 liters , in the range of 1.5-6 of the at least one of the multiple locations. In certain liters, in the range of 2-5 liters , in the range of 2-3 liters, in alternative embodiments , for example , the timed sequences the range of 3-4 liters , or in the range of 4-5 liters ) of second fuel (for example HHO gas) per hour per liter of displace may be batched (i.e., the second fuel may be delivered to ment groups of air intake orifices without regard to the timing of 10 range ofofthe1.25-30 internal combustion engine ( for example in the the air intake stroke of any one particular air intake orifice ). liters, in the rangeliters

( for example in the range of 1.5-10 1.5-6 liters, in the range of 2-5 liters,

In certain alternative embodiments, for example, the timing in the range of 2-3 liters, in the may be simultaneous ( i.e., the second fuel may be delivered range of 4-5 liters ) second fuel range of 3-4 liters , or in the to all air intake orifices simultaneously ). In certain embodi hour per liter of displacement of the internalHHO

combustion ments, for example, the multi -point gas distribution system may be configured to provide an average of less than 15 15 engine engine per 100 hp average outputof the internal combustion , in the range of 1.25-30 liters ( for example in the liters , for example less than 10 liters, for example between range of 1.5-10 liters, in the range of 1.5-6 liters , in the range 0.1 and 5 liters, or for example between 0.1 and 2 liters (as of 2-5 liters, in the range of 2-3 liters, in the range of 3-4 measured at for example control temperature and pressure or liters , or in the range of 4-5 liters ) of second fuel ( for standard temperature and pressure) of the second fuel per 20 example HHO gas) per hour per liter of displacement of the 120,000 crankshaft revolutions of the host engine . In certain internal combustion engine per 200 hp average output of the embodiments , for example,multi-point gas distribution sys internal combustion engine , in the range of 1.25-30 liters tem may be configured to provide an average of less than 15 ( for example in the range of 1.5-10 liters , in the range of liters, for example less than 10 liters , for example between 1.5-6 liters, in the range of 2-5 liters, in the range of 2-3 0.1 and 5 liters, or for example between 0.1 and 2 liters (as 25 liters, in the range of 3-4 liters, or in the range of 4-5 liters ) measured at for example control temperature and pressure or of second fuel (for example HHO gas) per hour per liter of standard temperature and pressure ) of the second fuel per displacement of the internal combustion engine per 400 hp 120,000 crankshaft revolutions of the host engine per 100 hp average output of the internal combustion engine, in the average output of the host engine. In certain embodiments, range of 1.25-30 liters ( for example in the range of 1.5-10 for example, multi-point gas distribution system may be 30 liters, in the range of 1.5-6 liters, in the range of 2-5 liters , configured to provide an average of less than 15 liters, for in the range of 2-3 liters, in the range of 3-4 liters, or in the example less than 10 liters, for example between 0.1 and 5 range of 4-5 liters ) of second fuel ( for example HHO gas) liters, or for example between 0.1 and 2 liters (as measured per hour per liter of displacement of the internal combustion at for example control temperature and pressure or standard engine per 800 hp average output of the internal combustion temperature and pressure) of the second fuel per 120,000 35 engine, in the range of 1.25-30 liters (for example in the crankshaft revolutions of the host engine per 200 hp average range of 1.5-10 liters , in the range of 1.5-6 liters, in the range output of the host engine. In certain embodiments, for of 2-5 liters, in the range of 2-3 liters , in the range of 3-4 example , multi -point gas distribution system may be con liters, or in the range of 4-5 liters ) of second fuel (for figured to provide an average of less than 15 liters , for example HHO gas) per hour per liter of displacement of the example less than 10 liters, for example between 0.1 and 5 40 internal combustion engine per 1400 hp average output of liters, or for example between 0.1 and 2 liters (as measured the internal combustion engine, or in the range of 1.25-30 at for example control temperature and pressure or standard liters ( for example in the range of 1.5-10 liters , in the range temperature and pressure) of the second fuel per 120,000 of 1.5-6 liters , in the range of 2-5 liters, in the range of 2-3 crankshaft revolutions of the host engine per 400 hp average liters , in the range of 3-4 liters , or in the range of 4-5 liters ) output of the host engine. In certain embodiments , for 45 of second fuel (for example HHO gas) per hour per liter of example , multi -point gas distribution system may be con displacement of the internal combustion engine per 2000 hp figured to provide an average of less than 15 liters , for average output of the internal combustion engine example less than 10 liters, for example between 0.1 and 5 Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a dual liters, or for example between 0.1 and 2 liters (as measured chamber vessel for use of an internal combustion engine , at for example control temperature and pressure or standard 50 comprising: a first chamber of the dual -chamber vessel temperature and pressure ) of the second fuel per 120,000 configured for electrolyzing an aqueous electrolyte solution , crankshaft revolutions of the host engine per 800 hp average a port providing liquid communication between the first output of the host engine . In certain embodiments, for chamber and a second chamber of the dual-chamber vessel, example , multi-point gas distribution system may be con the port comprising a liquid sealing member, the liquid figured to provide an average of less than 15 liters, for 55 sealing member effective to maintain a liquid seal of the first example less than 10 liters, for example between 0.1 and 5 chamber under any orientation of the dual chamber vessel. liters, or for example between 0.1 and 2 liters (as measured In certain embodiments, for example , the liquid sealing at for example control temperature and pressure or standard member may comprise a flop tube. In certain embodiments , temperature and pressure ) of the second fuel per 120,000 for example, the liquid sealing member may be a rigid crankshaft revolutions of the host engine per 1400 hp 60 nozzle having an outlet disposed in the second chamber. In average output of the host engine . In certain embodiments , certain embodiments, for example, the rigid nozzle may for example, multi -point gas distribution system may be have an outlet in the second chamber , the outlet having a configured to provide an average of less than 15 liters, for diameter D , and the outlet of the nozzle may be positioned example less than 10 liters , for example between 0.1 and 5 in aqueous electrolyte solution at a depth of at least one liters, or for example between 0.1 and 2 liters (as measured 65 diameter D from a top surface of the solution . In certain at for example control temperature and pressure or standard further embodiments , for example , the volume of the aque temperature and pressure ) of the second fuel per 120,000 ous electrolyte solution is greater than half of the volume of

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the second chamber and the nozzle extends at least half the an exhaust temperature sensor connected to the controller . In length of the chamber , allowing the outlet of the nozzle to certain embodiments, for example, the controller may adjust maintain a liquid seal under any orientation of the second the HHO injection when the temperature of engine exhaust chamber. exceeds a pre -determined temperature level . In certain Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a gas 5 embodiments , for example , the HHO gas may be distributed back -flow prevention element or system to prevent the HHO individually to each intake valve of each cylinder via a gas collected in the upper chamber of the dual-chamber multi -point HHO gas injection (also called port gas injection vessel from passing to the lower chamber where the HHO or MPI). In certain embodiments , for example, the multi generator cell is positioned . In certain embodiments, for point injection may inject gas into the intake ports just example , the dual-chamber design may be equipped with a 10 upstream of each cylinder's intake valve , rather than at a standpipe in the upper chamber to allow HHO gas generated central point within an intake manifold . In certain embodi in the lower chamber to travel into the upper chamber but ments, for example, multi-point injection may be sequential, prevent the HHO gas from back - flowing into the lower wherein injection of the HHO gasmay be timed to coincide chamber. The distal end of the standpipe may have an with each cylinder's intake stroke; batched , wherein HHO opening for allowing the HHO gas received in the open end 15 gas may be injected to the cylinders in groups, without connected to the divider, and in communication with the precise synchronization to any particular cylinder's intake lower chamber, between the upper and lower chambers to stroke; or simultaneous, wherein HHO gas may be injected transfer into the upper chamber. The opening in the distal at the same time to all the cylinders . In certain embodiments, end will be positioned proximate the center point of the for example , the multi -point injection may deliver the HHO upper chamber, for example , the stand pipe may be posi- 20 gas directly into the cylinder , i.e., direct injection . tioned in the center of the divider and extend perpendicu In certain embodiments, for example , the HHO gas may larly into the upper chamber (for example, vertically up into be delivered to the engine at a pressure in the range of the upper chamber) and terminate at the midpoint, for 100-500 kPa ( for example in the range of 100-400 kPa , or example the geometric center, between the upper and lower in the range of 40-60 psig or 45-55 psig ). In certain surfaces defining the upper chamber . In operation , the elec- 25 embodiments , for example , the HHO gas may be delivered trolyte level in the upper chamber may bemaintained above to the engine at temperature in the range of 35-120 ° C. ( for the opening in the distal end of the stand pipe, for example example at a temperature in the range of 35-75° C.). In it may be maintained at a minimum height equal to the certain embodiments , for example , the HHO gas may be opening in the distal end plus the diameter of the opening in delivered to the intake port of at least one cylinder of the the distal end (by way of example , if the upper chamber is 30 engine at a temperature in the range of 100-130 ° F. In certain 7 inches tall and it is equipped with a 0.5 inch diameter stand embodiments , for example , the HHO gas may be delivered pipe positioned in the geometric center of the divider plate to the intake port of at least one cylinder of the engine at a and extending vertically upwardly to the geometric cent of pressure in the range of 100-500 kPa. In certain embodi the upper chamber, i.e., 3.5 inches upwardly, the electrolyte ments, for example, the controller may further control the level will be maintained at a height within the upper cham- 35 volume of HHO gas injected based , at least in part on the ber of at least 4 inches ( 3.5 inches plus 0.5 inches ). This engine demand , load , fuel consumption , and /or airflow . In should assure that the electrolyte covers or seals the opening certain embodiments , for example , a timing and duration of in the distal end of the standpipe regardless of the orientation at least one HHO gas injector may be controlled at least in of the dual-chamber vessel and therefore prevent back flow part based on the engine demand.

ofHHO gas from the upper chamber into the lower chamber, 40 In certain embodiments , for example , the system may where the HHO generator cell is positioned . further comprise an HHO temperature sensor connected to Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a retro the controller. In certain further embodiments, for example , fitted internal combustion engine configured to use a second the controller may adjust the HHO injection when the fuel (for example an HHO gas) according to the second fuel temperature of the HHO gas is outside a pre -determined system . In certain embodiments , for example, the retrofitted 45 temperature range. In certain embodiments , for example , the internal combustion engine may power a vehicle. system may further comprise an HHO pressure sensor Certain embodiments may provide , for example, a system connected to the controller. In certain embodiments, for for on -demand delivery of HHO gas for an internal com example , the controllermay adjust the HHO injection when bustion engine , comprising : an electrolysis cell for generat the pressure of the HHO gas exceeds a pre-determined ing the HHO gas, a controller for determining an amount of 50 pressure level. In certain embodiments, for example , the the HHO gas sufficient to reduce engine-out emissions to a controller may comprise an anti-surge protector. In certain pre -determined level, and an HHO injection apparatus, in embodiments, for example, the controller may comprise a communication with the controller, for delivering the HHO processor configured to calculate an amount of the HHO gas gas to at least one intake valve of the internal combustion sufficient to reduce engine-out emissions to a pre-deter engine . In certain embodiments, one or more than one 55 mined level based on engine operating parameters. In certain ( including for instance all) of the following embodiments embodiments, for example , the controller may comprise a may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts seal to prevent water intrusion .

thereof. In certain embodiments , for example , the system In certain embodiments , for example, the electrolysis cell may further comprise a regulator for regulating a tempera may include any of the electrolysis cell embodiments dis ture and a pressure of the HHO gas to be injected in the 60 closed herein . In certain embodiments, for example, the engine . In certain embodiments, for example, the system electrolysis cell may comprise a pressure -resistant container may further comprise a knock sensor configured to detecting comprising a first defined space for holding an electrolyte engine knock and to send a signal to the controller to adjust solution , a plurality of electrolysis plates retained within the the HHO injection when engine knock is detected . In certain first defined space , and a second defined space for holding embodiments, for example , the controller may at least 65 a gas, wherein a volume of the second defined space may be partially control the generation of the HHO gas. In certain greater than the volume of the first defined space . In certain embodiments, for example, the system may further comprise embodiments, for example, the pressure -resistant container

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may further comprise a positive terminal, a negative termi certain embodiments , for example, the electrolysis cell may nal, a gas outlet, an electrolyte solution fill port and /or a be configured to store a volume of HHO gas sufficient to drain port. In certain embodiments , for example, the elec deliver the required amount ofHHO gas for at least 120,000 trolysis cell may further comprise a heat exchanger in crankshaft revolutions of the engine . In certain embodi communication with , integral to , or connected to the gas 5 ments , for example, the electrolysis cell may be configured outlet. to generate the required amount of HHO gas for extended Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a system operation of the internal combustion engine, wherein the for onboard , on -demand delivery of an HHO gas for an temperature of the electrolysis cell does not exceed 80 ° C. internal combustion engine ( for example for a vehicle ), (for example, does not exceed 65° C.). In certain embodi comprising: an electrolysis cell configured to produce a 10 ments, for example , the electrolysis cellmay be powered by required amount of HHO gas ; and an HHO gas delivery an 11-14 VDC power source . In certain further embodi system configured to deliver the HHO gas to the internal ments , for example , the electrolysis cell may comprise an combustion engine . In certain embodiments , for example , electrolyte solution , wherein the concentration of one or delivery of the required amount of HHO gas may comprise more electrolytes present in the electrolyte solution may be delivering a portion of the required amount of HHO gas 15 selected , maintained , and /or adjusted to provide a current from the electrolysis cell to a position proximate an orifice draw of less than 20 amps (for example less than 10 amps) ( for example within 3 inches of the at least one orifice ) of a at the operating voltage and temperature of the electrolysis combustion chamber intake valve , wherein said portion of cell . In certain embodiments, for example , the average ( or the HHO gas does not contact combustion intake air until maximum ) current draw may be less than 20 amps, for said portion reaches said position . In certain embodiments , 20 example less than 15 amps, less than 12 amps, less than 10 for example, the HHO gas delivery system may deliver the amps, less than 5 amps, or the current draw may be less than portion of the HHO gas without causing any noticeable 2 amps. In certain embodiments, for example , the current change in its chemical and/or performance properties to said draw may be in the range of 5 to 20 amps, for example in position about the combustion chamber intake valve. In the range of 7 to 15 amps, in the range of 8 to 12 amps, or certain embodiments , for example, the internal combustion 25 the average (or maximum ) current draw may be in the range engine may provide power to a vehicle and the required of 9 to 11 amps. In certain embodiments , for example , the amount of HHO gas may be generated by electrolyzing in average ( or maximum ) current applied per square centimeter the range of 4-16 ounces of water per 10,000 miles traveled of electrolysis plate area of the electrolysis plates in the by the host vehicle or in the range of 4-16 ounces ofwater electrolysis cell ( i.e., the current density ) may be less than per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of the host engine. In 30 500 mA/ cm², less than 250 mA/cm², less than 100 mA /cm², certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion less than 80 mA/cm², less than 75 mA/ cm², less than 60 engine may provide power to a vehicle and the required mA/ cm², less than 50 mA/cm², less than 40 mA /cm², less amou of HHO gas may be in the range of 300-1000 liters than 30 mA/cm², less than 20 mA / cm², or the current per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, applied per square centimeter of electrolysis plate area of the based on a gas measured at a temperature of 25 ° C. and 35 electrolysis plates in the electrolysis cell may be less than 10 pressure of 1 atmosphere. In certain embodiments, for mA/ cm2.

example, the HHO gas required may be in catalytic quan In certain embodiments , for example , the current applied tities . per square centimeter of electrolysis plate area of the elec In certain embodiments, for example , the required amount trolysis plates in the electrolysis cell ( i.e., the current den of HHO gas may be , on average , in the range of 1-10 liters 40 sity ) may be in the range of 10 to 500 mA/cm², in the range per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas of 100 to 250 mA/ cm², for example in the range of 25 to 150 temperature of 25° C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere . In mA /cm², in the range of 25 to 100 mA /cm², in the range of certain embodiments, for example, the required amount of 25 to 75 mA/cm², in the range of 40 to 60 mA/cm², or the HHO gas may be in the range of, on average , 1-10 liters per current applied per square centimeter of electrolysis plate hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas 45 area of the electrolysis plates in the electrolysis cellmay be temperature of within 20 ° C. of the temperature of engine in the range of 50 to 75 mA/cm².

coolant and a pressure of in the range of 40-50 psia. In In certain embodiments , for example , electrolysis cell certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion plates may be made of stainless steel or titanium . In certain engine may be a 15 -liter diesel engine for a freight vehicle. embodiments, for example , electrolysis cell plates may be In certain further embodiments , for example , the required 50 coated with platinum or iridium . In certain embodiments, for amount ofHHO gasmay be in the range of, on average , 5-30 example , electric current draw may increase when electro liters per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on lyte solution heats up , for example, average (or maximum ) a gas temperature of within 20 ° C. of the temperature of electric current draw may increase from 5-15 Amps to 15-35 engine coolant and a pressure of in the range of 40-50 psia. Amps, or from 10-11 Amps to 20-29 Amps . In certain In certain embodiments , for example , a doubling of the 55 embodiments, for example , one of the foregoing coatings engine volume (for example from a 3 - liter engine to a 6 -liter may render the electric draw less sensitive to temperature , engine ) may increase the required amount of HHO gas by in for example not temperature sensitive . the range of 5-15 % ( for example by approximately 10 % ). In In certain further embodiments , for example , the electro certain embodiments, for example, the system may further lyte concentration may be lower than the concentration of comprise an HHO gas storage system configured to store an 60 electrolyte in a conventional electrolysis cell. In certain excess amount ofHHO gas for at least 1 week (for example embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution may be at least 1 months ). In certain embodiments, for example , the exclusive of sulfuric acid . In certain embodiments, for required amount of HHO gas may be at least 1 liter ofHHO example , the electrolysis cell may be operated continuously (for example at least 1.5 liters ) gas per each liter of engine (for example without pulsed width modulation ) for a period displacement for every 120,000 crankshaft revolutions of 65 of time ( for example at least 10 minutes, at least 30 minutes, the engine at a pressure of at least 100 kPa relative to the air at least 1 hour , or indefinitely ) without overheating, for intake pressure of a combustion chamber of the engine. In example without heating to a temperature in excess of65 ° C.

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In certain further embodiments, for example, an ability to for example, the generator set engine may be a V8 , V12 , operate the electrolysis cell continuously without overheat V16 , or V20 engine having an engine displacement of 2-6 ing may be due at least in part to a low electrolyte concen liters per cylinder. In certain embodiments, for example, the tration in the electrolyte solution (for example less than 2 generator set engine may be sized to produce more than vol. % of electrolyte , such as less than 0.5 vol. % of 5 1000 hp, for example the generator set enginemay be sized electrolyte ) and/or an average ( or maximum ) current draw of to produce 1000-2000 hp.

less than 15 amps (for example less than 10 amps). In certain Certain embodiments may provide, for example , method embodiments, for example , the electrolysis cell may be for reducing one or more emissions (for example regulated powered by a 20-28 VDC power source. In certain further emissions, such as emissions of particulate matter or emis embodiments, for example , the concentration of the one or 10 sions of nitrogen oxides (NOx )) of an internal combustion more electrolytes may be selected , maintained , and /or engine (for example a gas engine or a diesel engine), adjusted to provide an average ( or maximum ) current draw comprising : controlling a temperature of an HHO gas by of less than 10 amps at the operating temperature ( for exchanging heat with an engine coolant; and delivering the example an operating temperature of less than 80 ° C.) of the HHO gas at the controlled temperature to at least one intake electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments , for example , the 15 port of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodi electrolysis cell may be configured to operate on less than ments, for example ,one or more engine- out emissions of the 250 watts of DC power. In certain embodiments, for internal combustion engine (for example a Heavy -Duty example , the electrolysis cellmay be configured to have less Highway Compression - Ignition Engine ) may fall within or than 3 ohm of resistance . meet the regulated emissions limits for the internal combus Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a vehicle 20 tion engine specified in EURO emission standards and /or comprising an internal combustion engine and an apparatus Environmental Protection Agency emission standards. In for providing HHO gas to the internal combustion engine . In certain embodiments , for example, the engine -out emission certain embodiments , for example, the apparatus may com levels for purposes of determining compliance with emis prise one of the HHO gas-providing apparatus described sions standards (for example Environmental Protection herein . In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle 25 Agency emission standards) may be based on standard test may be a Class 8 truck comprising a heavy duty diesel procedures ( for example the Environmental Protection engine . In certain further embodiments , for example , the Agency Transient Test Procedure, the Not-to -Exceed (NTE ) heavy duty diesel engine may have a displacement in the test, the Supplemental Emission Test ( SET), or the Urban range of 11-16 liters, for example in the range of 14-15 liters. Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS)). In certain further In certain further embodiments, for example , the heavy duty 30 embodiments, for example, the emission levels may com diesel engine may have an engine speed of at least 1800 rpm , prise 0.2 g/bhp -hr of nitrogen oxide and non -methane hydro for example 2100 rpm . In certain further embodiments , for carbon and 0.01 g/bhp -hr [or other levels ] of particulate example , the heavy duty diesel engine may provide 1600 matter on Environmental Protection Agency Transient Test 2000 ft- lb peak torque. In certain further embodiments , for Procedure . In certain further embodiments , for example, the example , the heavy duty diesel engine may be sized to 35 internal combustion engine may be a nonroad compression produce 430-500 hp . In certain embodiments , for example , ignition engine and the emission levels may comprise the vehicle may be a delivery truck comprising a medium Exhaust Emission Standards for Nonroad Compression duty diesel engine . In certain further embodiments , for Ignition Engines. In certain further embodiments , for example , themedium duty diesel engine may be a 6 cylinder example , the internal combustion engine may be a generator inline engine . In certain embodiments, for example , the 40 set engine and the emission levels comprise Exhaust Emis medium duty diesel engine may have a displacement in the sion Standards for generator sets. In certain further embodi range of 6-11 liters. In certain embodiments, for example, ments , for example , one or more emissions of an internal the vehicle ( for example a Dodge Ram truck or a Ford F150 combustion engine (for example a Category M , Category truck ) may be a light truck comprising a light duty high N1-1, Category N1-II, Category N1- III, Category N2, HD speed diesel engine. In certain further embodiments, for 45 Diesel, or non -road mobile machinery internal combustion example , the light duty high speed diesel engine may have engine may be reduced according to one or more Euro a displacement in the range of 2-6 liters. In certain embodi emission standards (for example one or more of the Euro I, ments, for example , the light duty high speed diesel engine Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV , Euro V , or Euro VI emission may have an engine speed of 4000-4500 rpm . In certain standards ).

embodiments, for example, the light duty high speed diesel 50 Certain embodiments may provide , for example, a method engine may be sized to produce 200-250 hp . In certain of improving efficiency of an electrolysis process ( for embodiments , for example , the light duty high speed diesel example a process for the electrolysis of water), comprising : engine may be a 6 -cylinder inline engine , a V6 engine, or a selecting a working volume of electrolyte solution whereby V8 engine. In certain embodiments, for example , the vehicle the process draws less than 15 amps (for example less than may be a pleasure boat comprising an internal combustion 55 10 amps , for example between 5 and 12 amps , or 7 and 11 engine having a displacement in the range of 4-20 liters, for amps) at 24 VDC , configuring the size and number of a example a displacement in the range of 4-8 liters, or the plurality of electrolysis plates in an electrolysis cellwhereby internal combustion engine having a displacement in the each of the plurality ofplates may be fully submerged in the range of 8-18 liters . working volume of electrolyte solution , and optionally cool Certain embodiments may provide , for example, a gen- 60 ing the electrolyte solution to a temperature of 80 ° C. or less . erator comprising an internal combustion engine and an In certain embodiments , one or more than one ( including for apparatus for providing HHO gas to the internal combustion instance all ) of the following embodiments may comprise engine . In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain may comprise one of the HHO gas -providing apparatus embodiments, for example, the method may further com described herein. In certain embodiments, for example, the 65 prise storing a product of electrolysis (for example a gas) enginemay be a generator set engine having a displacement within the electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments , for in the range of 6-60 liters . In certain further embodiments , example , each of the plurality of electrolysis plates form a

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parallel stack having 1-3 mm spacing between neighboring the gas generation portion may be capable of generating a plates. In certain embodiments , for example , the method quantity of gas greater than the average demand for the may further comprise warming the electrolysis cell to a vehicle . In certain further embodiments , for example, the gas temperature of greater than 80 ° C. (for example greater than storage portion may be sufficiently sized to store a quantity 90 ° C.). In certain embodiments, for example, the cooling 5 of gas that exceeds 90 % of a peak demand ( for example the may comprise removing heat from the electrolyte solution to average peak demand for a specified period of time) for the an engine coolant with a heat exchanger. In certain embodi vehicle . In certain embodiments, one or more than one ments , for example, the cooling may comprise removing (including for instance all ) of the following embodiments heat from the electrolyte solution to an engine coolant. In may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts certain embodiments , for example , the cooling may be 10 thereof.

assisted by intermittent interruptions of the electrolysis In certain embodiments , for example, the gas storage process. In certain embodiments, for example, electrolyte portion may have a fixed volume. In certain embodiments , solution may comprise an aqueous electrolyte solution of for example , the gas storage portion may comprise a head sulfuric acid . space above the gas generation portion . In certain embodi Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method 15 ments , for example, the average demand may be in the range of delivering HHO gas to a combustion chamber of an of 1-4 liters (or 2-5 liters ) of HHO gas per hour or per internal combustion engine, comprising : delivering the 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of HHO gas at a controlled temperature within 20 ° C. (for within 20 ° C. of the temperature of engine coolant and a example within 10 ° C.) of an engine coolant temperature , pressure of in the range of 40-50 psia . In certain embodi pressurizing the HHO gas to a pressure within 500 kPa (for 20 ments , for example , the average peak demand may be in the example within 400 kPa or 250 kPa ) of an air intake port of range of 20-30 liters of HHO gas per hour or per 120,000 the combustion chamber, and injecting the HHO gas into the crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of within air intake port. 20 ° C. of the temperature of engine coolant and a pressure Certain embodiments may provide , for example, a method of in the range of 40-50 psia . In certain embodiments , for of delivering HHO gas to a plurality of combustion cham- 25 example, the gas generation portion may produce HHO gas bers of an internal combustion engine , comprising : deliver intermittently ( for example for less than 20 minutes before ing the HHO gas at a controlled temperature within 10 ° C. pausing ). In certain embodiments, for example, HHO gas of an engine coolant temperature, pressurizing the HHO gas generation may be for less than 12 minutes per hour or per to a pressure within 500 kPa (for example within 400 kPa or 120,000 crankshaft rotations. In certain embodiments, for 250 kPa ) of an air intake port of at least one combustion 30 example , HHO gas generation may be regulated to maintain chamber of a plurality of combustion chambers, and deliv the electrolysis unit at a temperature below 80 ° C. In certain ering at least one portion of the HHO gas to within 3 inches embodiments, for example, the average demand may be of the intake valve of the at least one combustion chamber based on an average 100 hp , 200 hp , 400 hp, 800 hp , 1400 of the plurality of combustion chambers. In certain further hp , or 2000 hp output of the internal combustion engine . embodiments, for example , the method may further com- 35 Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method prise delivering at least a second portion of the HHO gas to to operate an electrolysis unit comprising a variable pressure within 3 inches of an intake valve of at least a second zone, comprising: selecting a first pressure and a second combustion chamber of the plurality of combustion cham pressure of the variable pressure zone whereby HHO gas bers, and further delivering at least a third portion of the initially at the first pressure may be discharged to meet a HHO gas to within 3 inches of an intake valve of at least a 40 peak energy demand for a specified period without falling to third combustion chamber of the plurality of combustion a pressure below the second pressure, generating HHO gas chambers . until the variable pressure zone reaches the first pressure ; Certain embodimentsmay provide, for example, a method separately generating HHO gas at a rate sufficient to meet an of delivering HHO gas to a plurality of combustion cham average energy demand. In certain embodiments , for bers of an internal combustion engine , comprising: deliver- 45 example , the first pressure may be 50 psia and the second ing the HHO gas at a controlled temperature within 10 ° C. pressure may be 40 psia .

( for example , within 5 ° C.) of engine coolant temperature , Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method pressurizing the HHO gas to a pressure within 500 kPa (for of improving a fuel economy of an internal combustion example within 400 kPa or 250 kPa) of a first air intake port engine , comprising : injecting into each cylinder of the of at least one of the plurality of combustion chambers, and 50 engine less than 1 liter (for example less than 0.3 liter) of the delivering the HHO gas directly into a plurality of air intake HHO gas per liter of cylinder displacement at a pressure of ports (for example, in the range of 4-12 intake ports, for less than 500 kPa; and achieving a fuel economy improve example 6 or 8 intake ports ). ment of more than 10 % ( for example more than 15 % ). Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a method Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method of delivering HHO gas to a combustion chamber of an 55 of reducing one or more engine-out emissions (for example internal combustion engine , comprising : delivering the PM and /or NOx emissions) of an internal combustion HHO gas at a controlled temperature within 10 ° C.of engine engine, comprising: injecting into each cylinder of the coolant temperature , pressurizing the HHO gas to a pressure engine less than 1 liter (for example less than 0.3 liter ) of the within 500 kPa ( for example within 400 kPa or 250 kPa ) of HHO gas per liter of cylinder displacement at a pressure of an air intake port of the combustion chamber, and delivering 60 less than 500 kPa; and achieving a reduction in the one or a portion of the HHO gas into the intake port. more engine - out emissions of at least 25 % ( for example a Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an elec reduction of at least 50 % ). In certain further embodiments , trolysis unit for supplying HHO gas as a boost fuel for a for example , at least one of the one or more engine -out vehicle , comprising: a high pressure container comprising : a emissions may be reduced below corresponding regulatory gas storage portion and a gas generation portion (for 65 limits, for example 2002, 2004, 2007 , 2010 , 2014 Environ example the gas generation portion may comprise an elec mental Protection Agency emission limits and /or Euro I, trolysis cell ). In certain further embodiments, for example , Euro II, Euro III , and or Euro VI emission limits].

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Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method further embodiments , for example , injecting the portion , the of improving a fuel economy of a vehicle or generator set second portion , and the third portion may be sequenced . In engine (genset ) powered by an internal combustion engine , certain further embodiments , for example , the sequencing comprising : injecting a portion of an onboard - generated may be relative to a position of a first piston of a plurality HHO gas into at least one cylinder of a plurality of cylinders 5 of pistons (for example a piston for the first cylinder ), a of the internal combustion engine at a pressure greater than second piston of the plurality of pistons, and /or a third piston 30 psi and at a temperature within 10 ° C. of the operating of the plurality of pistons. In certain embodiments, for temperature of a coolant for the internal combustion engine , example , the electrolysis cell may be further powered by and at a distance within 3 inches of an air intake valve of the battery, wherein the battery may be recharged by a charging at least one cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, wherein the 10 unit that is powered by the combustion engine . In certain HHO gas may be generated by an on -board electrolysis cell embodiments, for example , the vehicle's fuel economy may thatmay be powered by the internal combustion engine . In be increased by at least 5 % on a miles per gallon of fuel certain further embodiments , for example , the method may combusted basis, relative to identical conditions where the further comprise injecting a second portion of the onboard HHO gas is not injected (for example where the HHO gas is generated HHO gas into at least a second cylinder of the 15 not generated ).

plurality of cylinders at a pressure greater than 30 psi and at In certain further embodiments , for example , at least one a temperature within 10 ° C. of the operating temperature of of the one ormore engine -out emissions (for example one or a coolant for the internal combustion engine, and at a more of the emissions specified in the 2002, 2004, 2007 , distance within 3 inches of an air intake valve of the at least 2010 , 2014 Environmental Protection Agency emission lim a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and injecting 20 its and /or Euro I, Euro II, Euro III , and or Euro VI emission a third portion of the onboard - generated HHO gas into at limits ) may be reduced by at least 5 % (for example at least least a third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders at a 10 % ) relative to identical conditions and duration where the pressure greater than 30 psi and at a temperature within 10 ° HHO gas is not injected (for example where the HHO gas is C. of the operating temperature of a coolant for the internal not generated ).

combustion engine, and at a distance within 3 inches of an 25 Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a second air intake valve of the at least a third cylinder. In certain fuel injection system for an internal combustion engine , further embodiments, for example, injecting the portion , the comprising a source of a second fuel, an injection system in second portion , and the third portion may be sequenced. In fluid communication with said source of the second fuel, certain further embodiments, for example, the sequencing comprising at least one injector configured to control deliv may be relative to a position of a first piston of a plurality 30 ery of the second fuel, a line having an inlet in fluid of pistons (for example a piston for the first cylinder), a communication with the outlet of said at least one injector second piston of the plurality ofpistons, and/or a third piston and an outlet proximate at least one intake valve of the of the plurality of pistons. In certain embodir nts , for engine .

example , the electrolysis cell may be further powered by Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a booster battery, wherein the battery may be recharged by a charging 35 gas injection system for an internal combustion engine , unit that is powered by the combustion engine . In certain comprising a source of said booster gas, an injection system embodiments, for example , the vehicle's fuel economy may in fluid communication with said source of booster gas, be increased by at least 5 % on a miles per gallon of fuel comprising at least one booster gas injector configured to combusted basis, relative to identical conditions where the control delivery of at least a portion of said booster gas to a HHO gas is not injected (for example where the HHO gas is 40 location proximate at least one intake valve of the engine . not generated ). Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method Certain embodiments may provide , for example, a method for improving performance of an internal combustion of improving a fuel economy of a vehicle powered by an engine, comprising multi -point variably injecting a second internal combustion engine , comprising: injecting a portion fuel directly into at least one intake port of the engine, of an onboard -generated HHO gas into at least one cylinder 45 wherein the second fuel is a product of electrolysis (for of a plurality of cylinders of the internal combustion engine example electrolysis of an aqueous electrolyte solution ). at a pressure greater than 30 psi and at a temperature within Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara 10 ° C. of the operating temperature of a coolant for the tus,methods, or systems to improve the performance of an internal combustion engine , and at a distance within 3 inches internal combustion engine . In certain embodiments, one or of a first air intake valve of the at least one cylinder of the 50 more than one ( including for instance all) of the following plurality of cylinders, wherein the HHO gas may be gener embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments ated by an on-board electrolysis cell that may be powered by or parts thereof. Certain embodiments may provide, for the internal combustion engine . In certain further embodi example , apparatus, methods, or systems to improve the fuel ments , for example , the method may further comprise inject economy of an internal combustion engine. Certain embodi ing a second portion of the onboard -generated HHO gas into 55 ments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or at least a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders at a systems to reduce the emissions of an internal combustion pressure greater than 30 psi and at a temperature within 10 ° engine . Certain embodiments may provide, for example , C. of the operating temperature of a coolant for the internal apparatus,methods, or systems to improve the efficiency of combustion engine, and at a distance within 3 inches of an aftertreatment devices of an internal combustion engine . air intake valve of the at least a second cylinder of the 60 Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, plurality of cylinders, and injecting a third portion of the methods, or systems to reduce the fuel consumption of an onboard -generated HHO gas into at least a third cylinder of internal combustion engine .

the plurality of cylinders at a pressure greater than 30 psi and Certain embodiments may provide, for example , appara at a temperature within 10 ° C. of the operating temperature tus , methods, or systems to improve the brake thermal of a coolant for the internal combustion engine, and at a 65 efficiency of an internal combustion engine. Certain embodi distance within 3 inches of an air intake valve of the at least ments may provide , for example , apparatus, methods, or a third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders . In certain systems to reduce particulate matter (for example particulate

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matter) emissions. Certain embodiments may provide, for when exposed to temperatures above 600 degrees Celsius. A example, apparatus , methods, or systems to reduce the typical DPF burner employs diesel fuel as an energy source. amount of fine and ultra- fine particulates. Diesel fuel may be injected into the evaporator portion of the Certain embodiments may provide , for example , appara burner, where it is atomized and then provided to the tus, methods, or systems to improve the performance of an 5 combustor. There , combustion of atomized fuel releases internal combustion engine ( for example a gasoline engine , heat, which may be transferred through a heat transfer a diesel engine, a marine engine , or a 2 - stroke engine ). In element to the engine exhaust, raising its temperature to the certain embodiments , for example, internal combustion level sufficient to burn off accumulated material trapped by engines may realize a fuel economy increase of at least 1 % the DPF. This regeneration combustion may be assisted by ( for example at least 2 % , at least 5 % , or at least 20 % ). 10 the introduction of HHO . In certain embodiments, for Certain embodiments may provide, for example , appara example , HHO may be introduced on a controlled basis to tus, methods, or systems to achieve substantially complete aid the regeneration combustion . In certain embodiments , combustion , or at least more complete combustion , within for example, this may be accomplished by positioning an the internal combustion engine (for example greater com HHO injector proximate the combustion site as a second fuel bustion of at least more than 10 % , for example more than 15 for the regeneration combustion . In certain embodiments , 20 % ). for example, this injector may deliver stored HHO , stored Certain embodiments may provide , for example , appara hydrogen or be fed HHO from an on -board HHO generator. tus, methods, or systems to improve the operation of the In certain embodiments, for example , the engine may be internal combustion engine . In certain embodiments , one or equipped with a HHO generator and a series of HHO more than one (including for instance all ) of the following 20 injectors to distribute HHO about the intake ports of the embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments engine and a further injector to distribute HHO proximate or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example , the the combustion site of the DPF regeneration burner to aid as internal combustion engine may operate at a cooler tem a second fuel for the regeneration combustion . perature and /or may run cleaner. In certain embodiments , for Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara example , the internal combustion engine may generate more 25 tus, methods , or systems to introduce a second fuel ( for power ormore consistent or even power output for the same example a second fuel exclusive of a petroleum -derived or lower amount of fuel. In certain embodiments, for fuel ) into an internal combustion engine . In certain embodi example , the internal combustion engine may generate ments, for example , the second fuel (also referred to as exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of booster gas or enhancement gas or HHO gas throughout this exhaust aftertreatment systems. In certain embodiments, for 30 application , unless specifically defined otherwise ) may com example , the internal combustion engine may generate prise hydrogen , oxygen and /or mixtures thereof derived exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of from electrolysis of an aqueous electrolyte solution com diesel particulate filter (DPF). In certain embodiments , for prising ions, for example an electrolysis solution . In certain example , the internal combustion engine may generate embodiments, for example , the second fuel may substan exhaust temperaturesmore suitable for efficient operation of 35 tially comprise hydrogen , oxygen and /or mixtures thereof. selective catalytic reactor (SCR ). In certain embodiments, In certain embodiments, for example, the second fuel may for example, the internal combustion engine may generate predominantly comprise hydrogen , oxygen and /or mixtures exhaust temperaturesmore suitable for efficient operation of thereof. In certain embodiments , for example , the second diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC ). In certain embodiments, for fuel may be a product of electrolysis . In certain embodi example , the internal combustion engine may generate 40 ments , for example , the second fuel or components of the exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of second fuel, for example hydrogen may benefit the combus NOx trap . In certain embodiments, for example , the exhaust tion reaction by serving as a catalyst . temperature of the combustion engine may be reduced by at Certain embodiments may provide , for example, appara least 10 ° F. relative due to introduction of an ultra low tus,methods, or systemsto produce an oxygen -hydrogen gas quantity ofHHO gas according to the methods, systems, and 45 mixture ( for example an oxygen -hydrogen gas mixture for apparatus described herein , for example by at least 10 ° F., by use as a second fuel in an internal combustion engine ). In at least 20 ° F., by at least 30 ° F., by at least 40 ° F.,by at least certain embodiments , for example, the gas mixture may be 50 ° F., by at least 60 ° F., by at least 70 ° F., by at least 70 ° an oxygen -rich or hydrogen - rich a gas mixture. In certain F., by at least 80 ° F. , by at least 90 ° F., or the exhaust embodiments, for example , the gas mixture may comprise temperature may be reduced by at least 100 ° F. In certain 50 one or more of aqueous electrolyte solution electrolysis embodiments, for example , the exhaust temperature of the components ( for example monatomic oxygen and / or mona combustion engine may be reduced by in the range of 5 to tomic hydrogen ).

125° F., for example in the range of in the range of 5 to 125 ° Certain embodiments may provide , for example, appara F., in the range of 10 to 100 ° F., in the range of 25 to 100 ° tus, methods, or systems to produce a gas mixture that is F., in the range of 50 to 100° F., in the range of 70 to 95° F., 55 approximately two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen (for in the range of 10 to 40 ° F., in the range of 10 to 30 ° F., or example 2 : 1) or less than 2 : 1 (for example 1.75 : 1, 1.5 :1 , the exhaust temperature may be reduced by in the range of 1.25 : 1, 1: 1, 0.75: 1, or 0.5 : 1). In certain embodiments , for 75 to 85 ° F. example , the gas mixture produced may be modified before In certain internal combustion engine applications (for being delivered to the internal combustion engine. In certain example heavy duty , over-the-road diesel trucks) the exhaust 60 embodiments , for example , the gas mixture may be com may be equipped with an aftertreatment system to address bined with an additive and /or the composition of the gas environmental regulations. The system often consists of mixture may be modified by adding, recycling or removing diesel particulate filters, for example , wall- flow diesel par portions of the gas mixture . In certain embodiments , for ticulate filters (DPFs) to remove or trap particular from example , an apparatus, method, or system may generate within the passing exhaust stream . These DPF's are regen- 65 hydrogen and oxygen at a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1 , erated by burning off the accumulated particulate in a but some of the hydrogen or oxygen , for example oxygen , process called regeneration . Diesel particulate matter burns may be trapped in bubbles, and the apparatus, method , or

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system may be configured to release the trapped oxygen to may be configured to produce in the range of between 1-7.5 effectively deliver more oxygen to the internal combustion liters of gas per minute and/or produce in the range of engine. between 0.08-0.75 liters of gas per minute per liter of engine Certain embodiments may provide , for example , appara displacement. In certain embodiments , for example , an tus, methods, or systems to result in a more reliably con 5 apparatus,method , or system may be configured to produce trolled gas mixture generation process . In certain embodi in the range of between 4.8-45 liters of gas per hour per liter ments , for example , the current provided to the system for of engine displacement. In certain embodiments , for gas generation may be continually or continuously regulated example , an apparatus , method , or system may be config or controlled , for example , in real time (or substantially real ured to produce in the range of between 1.25-15 liters of gas time), so as to provide predetermined or controlled quantity 10 per hour per liter of engine displacement, for example in the of gas, for example , in relation to the engine speed and /or range of 1.5-10 liters of gas per hour per liter of engine demand . displacement, in the range of 2-8 liters of gas per hour per Certain embodiments may provide , for example, appara liter of engine displacement, in the range of 2-5 liters of gas tus , methods, or systems to utilize a substantially closed per hour per liter of engine displacement, in the range of loop system that recycles a water -reagent (or water -electro- 15 1.5-4 liters of gas per hour per liter of engine displacement, lyte or aqueous electrolyte solution electrolysis component) in the range of 2-4 liters of gas per hour per liter of engine mixture to reduce its consumption . displacement, in the range of 1.5-2 liters of gas per hour per Certain embodiments may provide , for example, appara liter of engine displacement, in the range of 2-3 liters of gas tus, methods, or systems to alter combustion ( for example per hour per liter of engine displacement, in the range of 3-4 diesel combustion ) chemistry to reduce particulate forma- 20 liters of gas perhour per liter of engine displacement, in the tion , for example reduce particulate formation by greater range of 4-5 liters of gas per hour per liter of engine than 5 % ( for example greater than 10 % ). displacement, in the range of 5-7 liters of gas per hour per Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara liter of engine displacement, in the range of 7-9 liters of gas tus ,methods, or systems to increase the concentration of an per hour per liter of engine displacement, or the apparatus , oxidizer in an internal combustion engine, for example 25 method , or system may be configured to produce in the increase the amountof oxidizers by at least 5 % (for example range of between 9-15 liters of gas per hour per liter of by at least 20 % ). engine displacement.

Certain embodiments may provide , for example, appara Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a system tus , methods, or systems that serve as a mechanism for or apparatus to generate a gas mixture for use with an distributing the oxidizer for more even air /fuelmixture . 30 internal combustion engine, the system or apparatus com Certain embodiments may provide , for example , appara prising a tank (for example an at least partially non -conduc tus, methods, or systems to generate a gas mixture that is an tive tank ) configured to store an aqueous electrolyte solution accelerant to speed combustion , enhance combustion , and /or consisting essentially ofwater and a predetermined quantity increase the extent of combustion . of electrolyte (for example the electrolyte may comprise Certain embodiments may provide, for example , appara- 35 KOH , K2CO3, NaOH , Na2CO3, and /or H2SO4). In certain tus, methods, or systems to displace air with oxygen and /or embodiments, for example , one or more than one (including hydrogen within the engine's intake system . In certain for instance all ) of the following embodiments of the system embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance or apparatus may comprise each of the other embodiments all ) of the following embodiments may comprise each of the or parts thereof. In certain embodiments , for example, the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments , 40 system or apparatus may further comprise a cell ( i.e., an for example , an apparatus, method , or system may displace electrolytic cell ) configured for aiding in the electrolysis of air within the engine's intake system with the gas mixture , the aqueous electrolyte solution . In certain further embodi resulting from the gas mixture generator system . In certain ments, for example , the cell may comprise a plurality of embodiments, for example , an apparatus,method, or system plates arranged substantially parallel to one another and be may be used to create a shorter combustion process that 45 spaced substantially equidistant from an adjacent one of the lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing the forma plurality of plates, and at least one seal located between the tion of nitrogen oxides. In certain embodiments, for plurality of plates . In certain embodiments, for example, the example , an apparatus, method , or system may generate a at least one seal may produce a substantially watertight seal gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an aqueous elec between adjacent ones of the plurality of plates. In certain trolyte solution and introducing at least a portion of the gas 50 embodiments , for example , the system or apparatus may mixture into the engine's intake for improved combustion . further comprise a controller configured to apply a pulse In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus,method , width modulated voltage to the cell to generate the gas or system may generate a gas mixture resulting from elec mixture within the cell . In certain further embodiments, for trolysis of an aqueous electrolyte solution and introducing a example , the controller may be configured to regulate the substantial portion ( for example greater than 95 wt. % ), of 55 current provided to the cell by controlling the duty cycle of the gas mixture into the engine's intake for improved the pulse width modulated voltage . In certain embodiments, combustion . In certain embodiments, for example , an appa for example , the duty cycle may be controlled in real time ratus,method , or system may generate a gas mixture result and /or substantially real time.

ing from electrolysis of an aqueous electrolyte solution and In certain embodiments, for example, the controller may storing the gas mixture in a storage tank instead of intro- 60 provide electrical power to the electrolysis cell according to ducing the gas mixture into the engine’s intake. In certain a timed on /off sequence . In certain embodiments, for embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method , or system example, the timed on /off sequence may be in the range of may generate an optimized or partially optimized quantity of 10-120 seconds on followed by in the range of 30-240 a gas mixture, such as a gas mixture having one or more seconds off , for example 20-90 seconds on followed by in aqueous electrolyte solution electrolysis components , into 65 the range of 45-120 seconds office , or the timed on /off the engine's intake for improved combustion . In certain sequence may be in the range of 30-60 seconds on followed embodiments, for example , an apparatus,method, or system by in the range of 60-90 seconds off . In certain embodi

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certain embodiments, for example, delivery of the booster each of the one or more sets of plates may comprise a left gas by each booster gas injector may occur during the side plate , a right side plate, and one or more middle plates, opening of a cylinder intake valve of the internal combustion wherein all plates of each set are substantially parallel to engine . In certain embodiments , for example, the injection each other and substantially perpendicular to the top and system may further comprise a controller configured to input 5 bottom walls of the tank . In certain further embodiments , for signals from at least one sensor, and configured to output a example , the electrical connections may pass through the command to at least one actuator. In certain further embodi tank to each left side plate and to each right side plate ments , for example, the at least one sensor may comprise a mixture Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a gas generation system , comprising: an electrolyte solu throttle position sensor and /or a manifold pressure sensor. In tion storage certain further embodiments, for example, the at least one 10 storage , wherein tank , an electrolysis cell , and a gas mixture actuator may comprise an injector solenoid . the electrolyte solution storage tank , the Certain embodimentsmay provide , for example , a second into a single unit . the gas mixture storage are integrated electrolysis cell , and fuel injection system for an internal combustion engine, Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a gas comprising : a source of a second fuel, and an injection mixture generation system , comprising : a housing, a bottom system in fluid communication with said source of the 15 internal portion inside the housing, comprising an electroly second fuel. In certain further embodiments , for example , sis cell , and a top internal portion inside the housing , the injection system may comprise : at least one injector comprising a gas mixture storage .

configured to control delivery of the second fuel , and a line Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a batch having an inlet in fluid communication with the outlet of said process for generating a gas mixture , comprising: filling a at least one injector and an outlet proximate at least one 20 tank with an electrolyte solution , applying electrical power intake valve of the engine . In certain embodiments, for to an electrolysis cell inside the tank , generating gasmixture example , the second fuelmay be may be a gas mixture of in the electrolysis cell , storing gas mixture inside the tank , hydrogen and oxygen . In certain embodiments, for example , and releasing gas mixture from the tank when requested by the source of the second fuel may be a gas mixture genera a controller.

tion system comprising: an electrolyte solution storage tank , 25 forCertain embodiments may provide, for example, a tank generating and storing a gas mixture , comprising : an an electrolysis cell, and a gas mixture storage, wherein the external electrolyte solution storage tank , the electrolysis cell, and housing, housing , an electrolyte solution inside the external and a hole in the external housing for filling the the gas mixture storage are integrated into a single unit . tank with the electrolyte solution , an electrolysis cell inside Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method the external housing comprising a plurality of substantially for improving performance of an internal combustion 30 parallel plates including two side plates, at least one hole in engine, comprising: multi -point variably injecting a second each of the plurality of substantially parallel plates, a posi fuel directly into at least one intake port of the engine , tive electrode connected to one of the two side plates and a wherein the second fuel is a product of electrolysis ofwater negative electrode connected to the other of the two side and optionally one or more electrolytes and /or excipients. In plates, holes in the external housing for the positive elec certain embodiments, for example , the electrolysis may be 35 trode and for the negative electrode, a gas mixture storage accomplished in a batch process comprising : filling a tank above the electrolysis cell , and a hole in the externalhousing with an electrolyte solution , applying electrical power to an for gasmixture outlet. In certain embodiments , for example , electrolysis cell inside the tank, generating gas mixture in the electrolysis cell may be immersed in the electrolyte the electrolysis cell, storing gas mixture inside the tank (for solution such that a top portion of the electrolysis cell is example storing the gasmixture inside the tank at a pressure 40 above the level of the electrolyte solution . greater than atmospheric pressure ), and releasing at least a Certain embodiments may provide , for example, a retro portion of the gas mixture from the tank when requested by fitted internal combustion engine configured to utilize an a controller. In certain embodiments , for example , the inject HHO gas , comprising : an internal combustion engine com ing may be controlled by a controller. In certain further prising a plurality of combustion chambers, a retrofitted embodiments, for example , the controllermay be configured 45 multi-point HHO gas distribution system , a retrofitted multi to input signals from at least one sensor, and the controller point HHO gas distribution control system , and a multiplate may be further configured to output a command to at least electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments , for example, the one actuator. In certain embodiments, for example, the retrofitted multi -point HHO gas distribution system may variably injecting may comprise changing pressure or flow comprise an HHO gas distribution harness comprising an rate of the second fuel. In certain embodiments , for example, 50 HHO gas pressure regulator, a plurality of injectors , and a the injecting may comprise injecting the second fuel by a plurality of lances connected to the plurality of injectors. In plurality of second fuel injectors. In certain further embodi certain embodiments , for example, the HHO gas pressure ments, for example , the number of the plurality of second regulator may comprise a heat exchanger that is integrated fuel injectors may be the number of engine cylinders present with a retrofitted engine coolant line . In certain embodi in the internal combustion engine. 55 ments, for example , the retrofitted multi -point HHO gas Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a gas distribution control system may be configured to control the mixture generation system , comprising : a tank , one or more actuation of the injectors based on timing parameters of the sets of plates inside the tank , a gap between top edges of the internal combustion engine ( for example based on the timing plates and the bottom wall of the tank , electrical connections of air intake strokes of the plurality of combustion cham passing through the tank , insulating spacers between each 60 bers ). In certain embodiments , for example, the electrolysis pair of neighboring plates within each set of plates, an cell may be integrated with a retrofitted power supply electrolyte solution filling a portion of the tank from the powered at least partially by the internal combustion engine . bottom wall to a level below a top edge of the plates, and at least one hole in each plate to allow a flow of the electrolyte BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS solution. In certain further embodiments, for example, the 65 tank may comprise a top wall , a plurality of side walls, and FIG . 1 is a schematic exploded view of a high pressure a bottom wall. In certain further embodiments , for example , container housing an n HHO gas production apparatus .

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FIG . 2 is a schematic view of an electrolysis plate stack displacement of the internal combustion engine per 400 hp FIG . 3 is a schematic view of an electrolysis plate . average output of the internal combustion engine, in the FIG . 4 is a schematic view of an HHO gas distribution range of 2-5 liters of HHO gas per hour per liter of harness with control wiring . displacement of the internal combustion engine per 800 hp FIG . 5 is a schematic view of a control circuit for a HHO 5 average output of the internal combustion engine , in the gas production apparatus . range of 2-5 liters of HHO gas per hour per liter of FIG . 6 is a schematic view of an HHO gas delivery displacement of the internal combustion engine per 1400 hp system . average output of the internal combustion engine, or in the FIG . 7 is a partial cross - sectional view of an intake port range of 2-5 liters of HHO gas per hour per liter of equipped with a HHO gas injector and lance. 10 displacement of the internal combustion engine per 2000 hp FIG . 8 is a schematic of a dual-chamber HHO gas average output of the internal combustion engine . production apparatus . In certain embodiments , for example , the method may FIG . 9 is a schematic exploded view of a dual-chamber comprise electrolysis of in the range of 2-25 ounces of an HHO gas production apparatus. electrolyte solution per liter of engine displacement per 100 FIG . 10 is a schematic depiction of a combustion cycle . 15 hours of operation of the internal combustion engine per 100 FIGS. 11 (A -C ) are a schematic depiction of a rollover hp average output of the internal combustion engine . In safe electrolysis unit in various orientations . certain embodiments, for example, the method may com prise electrolysis of in the range of 2-25 ounces of an

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE electrolyte solution per liter of engine displacement per 100 INVENTION 20 hours of operation of the internal combustion engine per 200 hp average output of the internal combustion engine . In

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method certain embodiments, for example, the method may com for increasing fuel economy of an internal combustion prise electrolysis of in the range of 2-25 ounces of an engine . In certain embodiments, for example, the method electrolyte solution per liter ofengine displacement per 100 may comprise introducing in the range of 1.25-30 liters ( for 25 hours of operation of the internal combustion engine per 400 example in the range of 2-5 liters) of HHO gas per hour per hp average output of the internal combustion engine . In liter of displacement of the internal combustion engine in certain embodiments , for example , the method may com operation . In certain embodiments , for example , the method prise electrolysis of in the range of 2-25 ounces of an may comprise introducing for example in the range of electrolyte solution per liter ofengine displacement per 100 1.25-30 liters of HHO gas per hour per liter of displacement 30 hours ofoperation of the internal combustion engine per 800 of the internal combustion engine per 100 hp average output hp average output of the internal combustion engine. In of the internal combustion engine, in the range of 1.25-30 certain embodiments , for example , the method may com liters of HHO gas per hour per liter of displacement of the prise electrolysis of in the range of 2-25 ounces of an internal combustion engine per 200 hp average output of the electrolyte solution per liter of engine displacement per 100 internal combustion engine, in the range of 1.25-30 liters of 35 hours of operation of the internal combustion engine per HHO gas per hour per liter of displacement of the internal 1400 hp average output of the internal combustion engine . combustion engine per 400 hp average output of the internal In certain embodiments , for example , the method may combustion engine , in the range of 1.25-30 liters of HHO comprise electrolysis of in the range of 2-25 ounces of an gas per hour per liter of displacement of the internal com electrolyte solution per liter of engine displacement per 100 bustion engine per 800 hp average output of the internal 40 hours of operation of the internal combustion engine per combustion engine, in the range of 1.25-30 liters of HHO 2000 hp average output of the internal combustion engine. gas per hour per liter of displacement of the internal com In certain embodiments , for example , the ounces of electro bustion engine per 1400 hp average output of the internal lyte solution electrolyzed per liter of engine displacement combustion engine , or in the range of 1.25-30 liters ofHHO per 100 hours of operation of the internal combustion engine gas per hour per liter of displacement of the internal com- 45 per 100 hp (or per 200 hp , per 400 hp , per 800 hp, per 1400 bustion engine per 2000 hp average output of the internal hp, or per 2000 hp ) average output of the internal combus combustion engine . In certain embodiments , for example , tion engine may be in the range of 3-15 ounces of electrolyte the liters of HHO gas introduced per hour per liter of solution , in the range of 3-10 ounces of electrolyte solution displacement of the internal combustion engine per 100 hp in the range of 5-9 ounces of electrolyte solution , in the (or per 200 hp , per 400 hp, per 800 hp, per 1400 hp , or per 50 range of 6-8 ounces of electrolyte solution , in the range of 2000 hp) average output of the internal combustion engine 5-20 ounces of electrolyte solution , in the range of 5-10 may be in the range of 1.25-10 liters of HHO gas , in the ounces of electrolyte solution , in the range of 10-15 ounces range of 1.25-5 liters ofHHO gas , in the range of 2-5 liters of electrolyte solution , or in the range of 15-25 ounces of of HHO gas, in the range of 2-4 liters of HHO gas, in the electrolyte solution . In certain embodiments, for example , range of 1.25-4 liters ofHHO gas, in the range of 1.5-3 liters 55 the method may comprise electrolysis of in the range of 5-10 of HHO gas, in the range of 3-5 liters of HHO gas, in the ounces of an electrolyte solution per liter of engine displace range of 5-10 liters of HHO gas, in the range of 10-15 liters ment per 100 hours of operation of the internal combustion of HHO gas, in the range of 15-20 liters of HHO gas, or in engine per 100 hp average output of the internal combustion the range of 20-30 liters of HHO gas . In certain embodi engine . In certain embodiments , for example , the method ments, for example, the method may comprise introducing 60 may comprise electrolysis of in the range of 5-10 ounces of for example in the range of 2-5 liters of HHO gas per hour an electrolyte solution per liter of engine displacement per per liter of displacement of the internal combustion engine 100 hours of operation of the internal combustion engine per per 100 hp average output of the internal combustion engine , 200 hp average output of the internal combustion engine . In in the range of 2-5 liters of HHO gas per hour per liter of certain embodiments , for example , the method may com displacement of the internal combustion engine per 200 hp 65 prise electrolysis of in the range of 5-10 ounces of an average output of the internal combustion engine, in the electrolyte solution per liter of engine displacement per 100 range of 2-5 liters of HHO gas per hour per liter of hours of operation of the internal combustion engine per 400

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hp average output of the internal combustion engine. In controlled by temperature switch 506 and pressure switch certain embodiments, for example , the method may com 508.Control relay 504 controls, via control line 512 , power prise electrolysis of in the range of 5-10 ounces of an relay 510 configured to regulate power to the HHO gas electrolyte solution per liter of engine displacement per 100 production apparatus 502. Power to the apparatus is passed hours of operation of the internal combustion engine per 800 5 through a hi-amp breaker 516 and power relay 510 via hp average output of the internal combustion engine. In power line 514 .

certain embodiments, for example , the method may com FIG . 6 is a schematic view of an HHO gas delivery system prise electrolysis of in the range of 5-10 ounces of an 600. In operation , a power source 602 provides power to an electrolyte solution per liter of engine displacement per 100 HHO gas production apparatus 604 and a central processing hours of operation of the internal combustion engine per 10 unit (CPU ) 606. The CPU 606 receives power through an 1400 hp average output of the internal combustion engine . ignition switch controlled line 608. The CPU 606 provides In certain embodiments , for example , the method may a control signal through a control signal line 610 to a power comprise electrolysis of in the range of 5-10 ounces of an relay 612 to regulate power to the apparatus 604. HHO gas electrolyte solution per liter of engine displacement per 100 exits the apparatus 604 through an HHO gas outlet tubing hours of operation of the internal combustion engine per 15 614 and is passed through the regulator 616 and cooled with 2000 hp average output of the internal combustion engine . engine coolant circulated through engine coolant lines 618 Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an HHO ( A & B ). Cooled HHO gas is then transmitted through a gas production apparatus to provide a second fuel to an pressure regulated tubing 620 to an HHO gas injector internal combustion engine. FIG . 1 is a schematic exploded manifold 622. The HHO gas injector manifold 622 distrib view of a high pressure container housing an HHO gas 20 utes portions of the HHO gas through the set of injectors production apparatus 100. The apparatus comprises an elec fitted with injector lances 624A , 624B , 624C , and 624D . trolysis cell 102 comprising a spaced stack of electrolysis FIG . 7 is a partial cross - sectional view of an intake port plates 104 seated within an insulated plate holder compris 700. In operation , an HHO injector 702 delivers HHO gas ing a lower portion 106 and an upper portion 108. The lower proximate an intake valve 704 of a cylinder 716 through an portion of the insulated plate holder 106 and the upper 25 HHO injector lance 710 positioned in an intake port 712 for portion of the insulated plate holder 108 are oriented with the cylinder 716. The primary fuel, for example diesel or respect to each other via alignment pegs 110. Electrolyte gasoline, is fed into the combustion chamber 720 via the fuel solution can be introduced and HHO gas removed from the injector 706. HHO gas injection is timed relative to the electrolysis cell through slots 112 in the upper portion of the position of the piston 714 .

insulated plate holder 108. The electrolysis cell 102 is 30 FIG . 8 is a schematic of a dual- chamber HHO gas contained within a pressure resistant container comprising a production apparatus 800.An upper chamber 802 configured top housing 114 and an insulated bottom cover 116. When to contain electrolyte and an HHO vapor space ( not shown ) assembled , the lower rim 118 of the top housing is seated in comprises a cylindrical member 804 bounded by a top plate a groove 120 of the insulated bottom cover 116. The pressure 806 and a middle plate 808. A lower chamber 810 configured resistant container is assembled and sealed with flange 35 to contain an electrolysis cell and electrolyte (not shown ) assembly 122. The top housing further comprises an elec comprises a cylindrical member 812 (with a flange member trolyte solution addition port 126 and gas removal port 128 . 814 ) bounded by the middle plate 808 and a bottom plate The bottom cover 116 further comprises power terminals 816. The top plate comprises an HHO gas collection port 124 used to supply electricity to the electrolysis cell. 818. The bottom plate 816 comprises an electrolyte inlet/ FIG . 2 depicts an electrolysis plate stack 104 comprising 40 removal port 820 and positive and negative power terminal five spaced -apart substantially parallel electrolysis plates ports (822 and 824 , respectively ). First uniform retaining 104A , 104B , 104C , 104D , and 104E . The terminal connector members (or allthreads or all-thread rods) 826A - C are 105A may be connected to a power terminal. passed through first apertures (not shown ) in the top plate FIG . 3 depicts an electrolysis plate 104E comprising an 806 ,middle plate 808 , and flange member 814 , and fastened electrolyte solution flow port 107E , an electrolyte solution 45 with lock nuts 828A -C and 830A -C . Second allthreads or flow and gas removal port 109E , and optional power termi all -thread rods 832A - B are passed through second apertures nal connector 105E . (not shown) in the flange member 814 and the bottom plate FIG . 4 is a schematic view of an HHO gas distribution 816 and fastened with lock nuts 834A - B and 836A - B . Not harness with controlwiring 400. The HHO gas distribution all all- thread rods and lock nuts are shown . harness is shown with a communication line 412 , a voltage 50 FIG . 9 is a schematic of an exploded view of a dual inverter 414 an audible alarm 416 and a programmable chamber HHO gas production apparatus 900. Upper and electronic control system ( ECS) 410 in communication with lower cylindrical members (902 and 904, respectively ) are a programming unit 404 by the programming lines 406. The aligned along a central axis A and , when the dual-chamber ECS 410 optionally communicates with an engine control HHO gas production apparatus is assembled, removably unit (ECU ) 408. The ECS 410 is in communication with 55 connected to a separator plate 906 comprising a flange 908 , several sensors, including a knock sensor 418 , an exhaust the flange 908 having a series of threaded , spaced apart temperature sensor 420 , and an HHO gas temperature sensor apertures 910A -F configured to receive a first series of 422. In operation , HHO gas is introduced to a regulator 424 allthreads or all -thread rods (not shown ). The separator plate via supply line 434 and cooled with engine coolant circu 906 has a necked port 912 to provide fluid communication lated through engine coolant lines 426. Cooled HHO gas is 60 between an upper volume contained by the upper cylindrical passed through optional HHO line filter 428 and portions of member 902 and a lower volume contained by the lower the HHO gas are introduced to HHO gas injectors 430A - H . cylindrical member 904. The upper cylindrical member 902 The ECS is in electrical communication with the control is , when the dual- chamber HHO gas production apparatus is wiring of the HHO production apparatus, not shown, via line assembled , removably connected to a top plate 914 com 432 . 65 prising a flange 916 , the flange 916 having a series of FIG . 5 is a schematic view of a control circuit 500 for a threaded , spaced apart apertures 918A - F configured to HHO gas production apparatus 502. Control relay 504 is receive the first series of allthreads or all-thread rods (not

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shown ) and a port 919 for collection of HHO gas. The lower a long time after shut-off , for example for up to 2 hours after cylindrical member 904 comprises an integral flange 920 shut-off . In recognition of presence of hydrogen in the HHO and a lower rim 922. The integral flange 920 has a first series gas , in certain embodiments , for example , the dual -chamber of threaded , spaced apart apertures 924A -F configured to HHO gas production apparatus is designed to mitigate receive the first series of allthreads or all- thread rods (not 5 damages resulting from any fast pressure rise event, for shown ). The integral flange 920 also has a second series of example from an explosion . In certain embodiments, for threaded , spaced apart apertures 926A -F configured to example , the system may be equipped with a fool-proof receive a second series of allthreads or all-thread rods ( not check valve , for example the entire dual-chamber HHO gas shown ). The lower rim 922 is , when the dual- chamber HHO production apparatus may cooperate to provide a,minimally gas production apparatus is assembled , removably con- 10 destructive , or non -destructive controlled pressure relief nected to a bottom plate 928 comprising a flange 930 , the system .

flange 930 having a series of threaded , spaced apart aper In certain embodiments, for example , O -rings in upper tures 932A - F configured to receive the second series of and lower chambers and elongated retaining members may allthreads or all -thread rods (not shown ).An electrolysis cell be part of the minimally destructive , non -destructive , con 934 is secured to the flanged bottom plate 928. The bottom 15 trolled pressure-relief system . In certain embodiments , for plate 928 is configured with an electrolyte inlet/removal port example , one or more of the elongated retaining members 936 and positive and negative power terminal ports ( 938 and (for example, tie rods) may be yielding elongated members , 940 , respectively ). When the dual-chamber HHO gas pro for example one , or two, or all tie rods may be yielding duction apparatus is assembled , spaced apart apertures elongated members . In certain embodiments, for example , 918A -F , 910A - F , and 924A - F are aligned to receive the first 20 the yielding elongated members may yield and /or stretch by series of allthreads (or all - thread rods); and spaced apart a large amount, for example by at least 3/16 of an inch if HHO apertures 926A - F and 932A -F are aligned to receive the gas pressure rises quickly (for example to a pressure of 1500 second series of allthreads (or all-thread rods). psig or more ). In certain embodiments, for example , the In certain embodiments, for example , the dual-chamber yielding elongated members may yield and/or stretch by at HHO gas production apparatus may comprise an electrolysis 25 least 1/4 inch , for example at least 1/2 inch , at least 3/4 inch , at cell having 3 to 10 electrolysis cell plates, for example 5 cell least 1 inch , at least 2 inches , or the yielding elongated plates. In certain embodiments, for example, each cell plate members may stretch by at least 2.5 inches. In certain may be between 20 sq.in. to 30 sq.in. in area , for example embodiments, for example, the yielding elongated members 24 sq.in. In certain embodiments, for example, each cell may stretch by less than 3 inches, for example less than 2 plate may be 4 " by 6 " in size . In certain embodiments , for 30 inches , less than 1 inch , less than 3/4 inch , less than 1/2 inch , example , a housing (a plate holder ) may hold the cell plates. or the yielding elongated members may stretch by less than In certain embodiments, for example, the housing may be 1/4 inch . In certain embodiments, for example , stretching of made of a plastic material, for example of nylon 66. In the yielding elongated members may create an opening with certain embodiments, for example , nylon material may an area of 2 to 10 sq . inches, for example an area of 2 to 5 completely surround the cell plates, for example cell plates 35 sq . inches or 5-10 square inches . In certain embodiments, for may be completely enclosed . example , there may be 2 to 10 yielding elongated members , In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell for example six yielding elongated members . In certain may have holes for aqueous electrolyte solution ingress. In embodiments, for example , the yielding elongated members certain embodiments , for example , the HHO gas production may be made of steel , for example of 316L stainless steel. apparatus may have 3 to 10 holes , for example 4 holes, or 6 40 In certain embodiments , for example , pressure relief may holes. In certain embodiments , for example , each hole may occur during a period in the range of 0.05 to 2 milliseconds be 0.2" to 1" in diameter, for example 0.5" in diameter. to relieve pressure , for example in the range of 0.05 to 0.075 In certain embodiments , for example, there may be an milliseconds, in the range of 0.075 to 0.1 milliseconds, in the O -ring seal in a flange of an electrolysis cell. In certain range of 0.1 to 0.25 milliseconds, in the range of 0.25 to 1 embodiments, for example, the O -ring may be made of 45 milliseconds, or pressure relief may occur during a period of elastic material, for example Delrin 400 or a generic acetal. 1 to 2 milliseconds .

In certain embodiments , for example , generated HHO gas In certain embodiments, for example , the yielding elon bubbles may be collected into an orifice extending into a gated members may be forged metal rods with a thread cut nozzle in the upper chamber of the dual-chamber HHO gas into them . In certain embodiments, for example, the thread production apparatus. In certain embodiments, for example, 50 may be applied along the full length the yielding elongated the nozzle may be made of corrosion resistant material, for members. In certain embodiments, for example , the yielding example of stainless steel. In certain embodiments, for elongated members may be designed to avoid stress risers, example, the nozzle may be designed to direct bubbles into for example designed to ensure that the yielding elongated the upper chamber. In certain embodiments , for example , the members stretch uniformly . In certain embodiments , for nozzle may remain below the aqueous electrolyte solution 55 example, the yielding elongated members may be equipped line during operation . In certain embodiments , for example , with a washer and a nyloc nut on each end . In certain contact between HHO gas and plate surface (for example embodiments, for example , nyloc nuts may be made of contact with platinum coated on the plates )may be avoided . stainless steel. In certain embodiments , for example , the In certain embodiments, for example , aqueous electrolyte yielding elongated members may be assembled with 50 to solution may flow back down through the nozzle . 60 100 lb -in of torque, for example 75 lb - in oftorque. In certain In certain embodiments , for example, electrolyte may be embodiments, for example , a lubricantmay be used on the added every 3 to 10 months of operation , for example every threads to achieve the correct torque . 6 months of operation . In certain embodiments , for example , In certain embodiments, for example , the upper chamber electrolyte may be added every 5,000 to 20,000 miles during and the lower chamber may be in fluid communication with on -road operation , for example every 10,000 miles . 65 each other. In certain embodiments , for example , an ignition In certain embodiments , for example, the dual-chamber source may be in the lower chamber. In certain embodi HHO gas production apparatus may hold electric charge for ments , for example, the dual-chamber HHO gas production

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apparatusmay be designed so that no components leave the certain embodiments , for example, sensors may include a HHO gas production system during a fast pressure rise . In fuel injector sensor, an rpm (crank ) sensor, and MAP (mani certain embodiments, for example , the dual-chamber HHO fold air pressure ) sensor.

gas production apparatus may be designed so that the In certain embodiments, for example , the HHO gas pro weakest links in the system are the yielding elongated 5 duction system may be used as a retrofit device . In certain members, for example all other components are tougher that embodiments, for example , the HHO gas production system the yielding elongated members . In certain embodiments , may have fuel maps . In certain embodiments, for example , for example, the HHO gas production system may be the HHO gas production system optionally may connect to designed to accommodate HHO gas pressure of up to 2000 10 the ECM . In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO psig, up to 1500 psig , up to 1000 psig , up to 500 psig , or up gas production system may not require modification of to 300 psig . factory computer software . In certain embodiments, for In certain embodiments, for example , the vessel may be example , the HHO gas production system may be designed used for carrying other liquids and /or munitions besides to inject only a small amount ofHHO gas into an engine , for aqueous electrolyte solution for electrolysis. 15 example so small that the ECM does not notice system's In certain embodiments , for example , the system may be presence . In certain embodiments, for example, a limit for scalable. In certain embodiments , for example , the system amount of HHO gas injection may be 10 % to 30 % of HHO may be scaled up by increasing a number of the yielding gas , for example 18 % of HHO gas, or 26 % of HHO gas . elongated members . In certain embodiments , for example , FIG . 10 schematically depicts a combustion cycle within the system may be scaled up by increasing diameter of the 20 a combustion chamber 1000 of a representative cylinder of yielding elongated members. a four -stroke internal combustion engine. At the start of the In certain embodiments, for example , the top plate may be cycle , the piston 1004 is at approximately Top Dead Center 0.2 to 1 inch think , for example 3/8 of an inch thick . In certain of a crankshaft rotation , and compressed fuel ignites in the embodiments, for example , the top plate may be made of presence of HHO gas and expands in a power stroke to drive steel , for example of 304 stainless steel . In certain embodi- 25 the piston 1004 downward until the crankshaft rotates ments, for example , the top plate may be made of the same through 180 ° and brings the piston to Bottom Dead Center material as the side wall of the electrolysis cell . In certain as shown . At the bottom of the power stroke , the exhaust embodiments , for example , the HHO gas production system valve opens and the upward stroke of the piston 1004 drives may be equipped with one or more O -rings to seal top plate the exhausted fuel out of the combustion chamber 1000 , above the side wall. In certain embodiments, for example , 30 bringing the crankshaft to a rotation of 360 °. During the there may be a ball valve in the center of the top plate. intake stroke, the piston moves downward and the crank In certain embodiments , for example , the middle plate shaft rotates from 360 ° to 540 ° , drawing a fresh charge of air may be dished at an angle to enhance collection of the HHO through an air intake valve 1002.During a 1-3 msportion of gas. the intake stroke when the crankshaft rotates through a In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas pro- 35 stroke range of between 360 ° to 400 ° 1006 , HHO gas is duction system may have a float switch . In certain embodi injected with the fresh charge of air. The HHO gas injection ments , for example , the float switch may open when orien may be continuous over the stroke range ormay be pulsed . tation of the HHO gas production system deviates from The 1-3 ms portion of the intake stroke may be in the range verticalby a large amount, for example by 50 off the vertical, of 1-1.5 ms, 1.5-2 ms, or 2-3 ms). Once the intake stroke is or by 10 ° off the vertical, or by 20 ° off the vertical, by 30 ° 40 completed , the HHO gas and air are compressed until the off the vertical, or by 45 ° off the vertical or in a range of crankshaft rotates through 720 °, followed by a new power between 10 ° to 45 ° off the vertical, for example , in a range cycle .

of between 10 ° to 250 off the vertical. In certain embodi While FIG . 10 describes an embodiment of the invention , ments, for example, the float switch may operate like a Hall other variations fall within scope of the disclosure . In certain Effect switch . In certain embodiments, for example, the float 45 embodiments, for example, HHO gas may be injected when switch may have wires attached to it, for example three the crankshaft rotates through a stroke range of between wires . In certain embodiments , for example , the wires may 360 ° to 540 °, for example between 360 ° to 500 ° , between include one voltage in wire, and two voltage out wires ( i.e., 360 ° to 450 °, between 360 ° to 425 °, between 360 ° to 395 ° , wires for thermal and float). In certain embodiments , for between 360 ° to 390 ° , between 360 ° to 380 ° , between 365 ° example , an anti - slosh device may hold the float. In certain 50 to 500 °, between 365° to 450°, between 365 ° to 425 °, embodiments, for example, the float switch may be guided between 365 ° to 395 °, between 365 ° to 390 °, between 365 ° by a centering rod. to 380 ° , between 380 ° to 500 ° , between 380 ° to 450 ° , In certain embodiments , for example, the HHO gas pro between 380 ° to 425 °, between 380 ° to 3950, between 380 ° duction system may be equipped with a controller. In certain to 390 ° , between 400 ° to 500 °, between 400 ° to 450 ° , or embodiments, for example , the controller may have a touch- 55 between 400 ° to 4250, between 4250 to 500 ° , between 4250 screen display. In certain embodiments , for example , the to 450 °, or HHO gas may be injected when the crankshaft controller may have 100 to 1000 wire plugs, for example rotates through a stroke range of between 450 ° to 500 °. In 237 wire plugs . In certain embodiments, for example, the certain embodiments , for example , the HHO gas injection controller may be able to communicate with the engine may be continuous throughout the stroke range . In certain control module (ECM ). In certain embodiments , for 60 embodiments , for example, the HHO gas injection may be example , the controller may use OEM sensors, for example pulsed throughout the stroke range .

a flywheel based OEM sensor for rpm measurement. In certain embodiments, for example, HHO gas injectors In certain embodiments, for example , the HHO gas pro may have metal tubes, for example copper tubes, to carry duction system may generate very little power drop on the HHO gas to the engine. In certain embodiments, for ECM side ( for example the ECM may not notice a presence 65 example , the ends of tubes may be soldered shut. In certain of the system ). In certain embodiments, for example, the embodiments, for example , an orifice may be drilled in the controller may connect directly to the OEM sensors. In soldered end of the tube. In certain embodiments , for

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example , the orifice diameter may be 10 to 50 thousands of a turbocompound engine, a supercharged engine, a direct an inch in diameter (for example 16 thousands of an inch in injection engine, an indirect injection engine, a port injection diameter ). engine , a gasoline engine , a diesel engine, an ethanol engine , In certain embodiments , for example, HHO gas injectors a methanol engine, a biofuel engine , a natural gas engine, a may be connected in a daisy chain on the power side. In 5 propane engine , or an alternative fuel engine . certain embodiments, for example, HHO gas injectors may In certain embodiments , for example , the internal com take 1 to 20 milliamps of electric current, for example 5 bustion engine may provide power to one or more vehicles milliamps of electric current. In certain embodiments , for or gensets . In certain embodiments , for example, one of the example , the power may be turned on for 1 to 3 milliseconds one or more vehicles may be a passenger car , a light duty every engine cylinder cycle , for example for 1.35 millisec- 10 onds. In certain embodiments, for example , HHO gas injec vehicle example , a medium duty passenger vehicle , a truck (for a passenger truck or a delivery truck ), a light duty tion may be timed with respect to the engine intake valve truck , a medium duty truck , a heavy duty truck , an urban opening .

In certain embodiments, for example , copper tubes may bus, a motorcycle , a passenger car, a four tire single unit be passed through the wall of the intake manifold . In certain 15 vehicle, a bus, a two axle six tire single unit vehicle, a three embodiments, for example, copper tubes may be free float axle single unit vehicle , a four or more axle single unit ing inside the intake manifold . In certain embodiments , for vehicle, a four or less axle single trailer vehicle , a five axle example, one or more openings may be drilled in an intake tractor semitrailer, a six or more axle singe trailer, a five or manifold or in a valve cover of the engine, for example to less axle multi -trailer, a six axle multi - trailer , a seven or assist with an installation of the tubes. In certain embodi- 20 more axle multi-trailer, a Class 1 vehicle, a Class 2 vehicle, ments , for example , each opening may be 5 to 50 mm in a Class 3 vehicle, a Class 4 vehicle , a Class 5 vehicle, a Class diameter, for example 10 mm in diameter . 6 vehicle , a Class 7 vehicle , a Class 8 vehicle (for example FIGS. 11 ( A -C ) schematically depict a cylindrical dual a Class 8 truck ), a Class 9 vehicle , a Class 10 vehicle , a Class chamber vessel in various orientations, the dual chamber 11 vehicle , a Class 12 vehicle , a Class 13 vehicle a Category vessel having a rollover abatement system . FIG . 11A depicts 25 M vehicle, a Category M1 vehicle , a Category M2 vehicle, the vessel 1100 in an upright orientation . A lower chamber a Category M3 vehicle , a Category N1-I vehicle, a Category 1102 is completely filled with electrolyte and has electroly N1-II vehicle , a Category N1-III vehicle , a Category N2 sis plates 1104 with power connectors 1122A and 1122B vehicle , a Category N3 vehicle , a road vehicle , an offroad disposed therein . The lower chamber 1102 and an upper vehicle , a vessel, a boat, a marine vehicle (for example a chamber 1106 are separated by a middle plate 1108 , the 30 pleasure boat), or an aircraft. In certain embodiments , for middle plate 1108 defining an orifice 1110 though which example , the one of many gensets may be a residential electrolyte and HHO gas may be communicated between the genset or a commercial genset or an industrial genset or a chambers. The upper chamber 1106 is filled with electrolyte genset equipped with a 4 -cylinder engine, or a 6 - cylinder up to a predetermined level above themiddle plate 1108 , and engine or between a 6-20 cylinder engine , or a 8 -cylinder at the predetermined level the electrolyte defines a free 35 engine or from an 8- to 12 -cylinder engine and the engine surface 1112 that contacts HHO gas in a vapor space 1114 may be a mixed fuel engine, a diesel engine , a gasoline above the electrolyte . HHO gas is released from the vapor engine, and /or a natural gas engine . space 1114 under controlled conditions through an outlet In certain embodiments , for example, the vehicle may be 1116 equipped with a check valve 1118. The middle plate a Class 8 truck comprising a heavy duty diesel engine. In 1108 is equipped with a rollover abatement nozzle 1120 40 certain further embodiments , for example , the heavy duty configured to provide a liquid seal to the lower chamber diesel engine may have a displacement in the range of 11-16 1102 under any orientation of the dual chamber vessel 1100 , liters , for example in the range of 14-15 liters . In certain provided that the predetermined level of electrolyte in the further embodiments , for example , the heavy duty diesel upper chamber 1106 is maintained at a minimum height engine may have an engine speed of at least 1800 rpm , for above the nozzle 1120 in the uprightorientation as described 45 example 2100 rpm . In certain further embodiments , for further herein . FIG . 11B shows the vessel 1100 tilted at an example , the heavy duty diesel engine may provide 1600 approximately 45 ° angle to the right. As shown, the free 2000 ft- lb peak torque . In certain further embodiments , for surface 1112 remains above a distal end of the nozzle 1120 , example , the heavy duty diesel engine may be sized to and the lower chamber remains under liquid seal. FIG . 11C produce 430-500 hp.

shows the vessel 1100 fully inverted . As shown, the distal 50 In certain embodiments , for example, the vehicle may be end of the nozzle 1120 now penetrates the free surface 1112, a delivery truck comprising a medium duty diesel engine. In thereby maintaining a liquid seal of the lower chamber. Of certain further embodiments , for example , the medium duty note , the electrolysis plates 1104 are immersed in electrolyte diesel engine may be a 6 cylinder inline engine . In certain and isolated from the HHO gas, which HHO gas is retained embodiments , for example, the medium duty diesel engine in the upper chamber 1106 above the free surface 1112 as 55 may have a displacement in the range of 6-11 liters. shown . In certain embodiments , for example , the vehicle ( for Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a second example a Dodge Ram truck or a Ford F150 truck ) may be fuel for improving the performance of an internal combus a light truck comprising a light duty high speed diesel tion engine. In certain embodiments , for example , the inter engine . In certain further embodiments, for example , the nal combustion engine may be a light duty high speed diesel 60 light duty high speed diesel engine may have a displacement engine, a light heavy - duty diesel engine , a medium duty in the range of 2-6 liters . In certain embodiments, for diesel engine, a medium heavy -duty diesel engine, a heavy example , the light duty high speed diesel engine may have heavy - duty diesel engine , a nonroad engine, a stationary an engine speed of 4000-4500 rpm . In certain embodiments, engine , a locomotive engine , a marine engine, an aircraft for example, the light duty high speed diesel engine may be engine , a generator set engine , a spark -ignition engine, a 65 sized to produce 200-250 hp . In certain embodiments, for compression-ignition engine , nonroad compression -ignition example , the light duty high speed diesel engine may be a engine, a naturally aspirated engine , a turbocharged engine , 6 -cylinder inline engine , a V6 engine, or a V8 engine .

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In certain embodiments , for example , the vehicle may be crankshaft rotations, at least 20,000,000 crankshaft rota a pleasure boat comprising an internal combustion engine tions, at least 40,000,000 crankshaft rotations, or the first having a displacement in the range of 4-20 liters , for defined space may be configured to hold a volume of example a displacement in the range of 4-8 liters, or the electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least internal combustion engine having a displacement in the 5 60,000,000 crankshaft rotations.

range of 8-18 liters. In certain embodiments, for example , the second defined In certain embodiments , for example , the engine may be space may not be integrated into the high -pressure container a generator set engine having a displacement in the range of where the HHO gas generator is housed . The second defined 6-60 liters. In certain further embodiments , for example , the space may be a separate high -pressure housing configured to generator set engine may be a V8 , V12, V16 , or V20 engine 10 receive HHO gas or be detachably connected to the HHO having an engine displacement of 2-6 liters per cylinder. In generator (for example for remote or portable delivery ). In certain embodiments, for example, the generator set engine certain embodiments, for example , the separate second may be sized to produce more than 1000 hp, for example the defined space may serve as an additional storage of HHO generator set engine may be sized to produce 1000-2000 hp . gas, a primary storage or secondary storage for HHO gas. In Certain embodiments may provide, for example , an elec- 15 certain embodiments , for example , the solution may com trolysis cell. In certain embodiments , for example, the prise water and one or more electrolytes. In certain further electrolysis cell may comprise a pressure -resistant container. embodiments, for example , the one or more electrolytes may In certain further embodiments, for example, the pressure comprise a metal salt, such as a metal salt at least partially resistant container may be configured and optionally rated to soluble in water. In certain embodiments , for example , the maintain a pressure in excess of 25 psig, for example a 20 one or more electrolytes may be selected from the group pressure in excess of 50 psig , in excess of 75 psig , in excess consisting of: KOH , NaOH , NaCO3, NaHCO3, Naci, of 100 psig, or the pressure -resistant container may be K2CO3, KHCO3, H2SO4, CH2COOH , and a combination of configured and optionally rated to maintain a pressure in two or more thereof.

excess of 150 psig. In certain embodiments, for example , the In certain embodiments, for example , the first defined pressure -resistant container may be configured and option- 25 space may be configured to hold at least 1- quart of the ally rated to maintain a pressure ofup to 100 psig , a pressure electrolyte solution , for example at least 1/2 gallon , at least 1 of up to 125 psig , up to 150 psig , or the pressure - resistant gallon , or the first defined space may be configured to hold container may be configured and optionally rated to main at least 5 gallons of the electrolyte solution . tain a pressure of up to 200 psig . In certain embodiments , for example , the electrolyte In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell 30 solution may comprise an aqueous electrolyte solution with may further comprise a pressure relief valve configured to a concentration of oneormore electrolytes of less than 5 vol. open when a pressure of gas inside the container exceeds 25 % (in total) relative to the total volume of the electrolyte psig , for example a pressure in excess of 50 psig , in excess solution , for example less 4 vol. % , less than 3 vol. % , less of 80 psig , in excess of 100 psig, in excess of 150 psig , or than 2 vol. % , less than 1 vol. % , less than 0.5 vol. % , less the electrolysis cell may further comprise a pressure relief 35 than 0.4 vol. % , less than 0.35 vol. % , less than 0.3 vol. % , valve configured to open when a pressure of gas inside the less than 0.25 vol. % , less than 0.2 vol. % , or the electrolyte container exceeds 200 psig . solution may comprise an aqueous electrolyte solution with In certain embodiments , for example , the electrolysis cell a concentration of one or more electrolytes of less than 0.1 may further comprise a first defined space may be config vol. % (in total) relative to the total volume of the electrolyte ured to hold a volume of an aqueous electrolyte solution . In 40 solution . In certain embodiments , for example , the electro certain embodiments , for example, the first defined space lyte solution may comprise an aqueous electrolyte solution may be configured to hold a volume of the electrolyte with a concentration of one or electrolytes in the range of solution to supply a sufficient amount of HHO gas for at 0.1-5 vol. % , for example in the range of 0.5-3 vol. % , in the least 1 day of operation of a host engine ( i.e., an engine or range of 1.5-3 vol. % , in the range of 0.1-1 vol. % , in the engines the electrolysis cell is supplying second fuel to ), for 45 range of 0.1-0.5 vol. % , in the range of0.2-0.4 vol. % , or the example at least 2 days of operation, at least 1 week of electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous electrolyte operation , at least 2 weeks of operation , at least 3 weeks of solution with a concentration of electrolyte in the range of operation , at least 1 month ofoperation , at least 2 months of 0.25-0.35 vol. % (in total) relative to the total volume of the operation , at least 3 months of operation , or the first defined aqueous electrolyte solution . In certain embodiments, for space may be configured to hold a volume of the electrolyte 50 example , the aqueous electrolyte solution may comprise an solution to supply a sufficient amount of HHO gas for at aqueous electrolyte solution with a concentration of one or least 6 months of operation of the host engine . more electrolytes of less than 5 wt. % (in total) relative to the In certain embodiments, for example , the first defined total weight of the aqueous electrolyte solution , for example space may be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte less 4 wt. % , less than 3 wt. % , less than 2 wt. % , less than solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least 200 miles 55 1 wt. % , less than 0.5 wt. % , less than 0.4 wt. % , less than ofdriving , for example at least 400 miles ofdriving , at least 0.35 wt. % , less than 0.3 wt. % , less than 0.25 wt. % , less 800 miles of driving, at least 1,200 miles of driving , at least than 0.2 wt. % , or the aqueous electrolyte solution may 5,000 miles of driving , at least 10,000 miles of driving , at comprise an aqueous electrolyte solution with a concentra least 20,000 miles of driving, or the first defined space may tion of one or more electrolytes of less than 0.1 wt. % ( in be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to 60 total) relative to the total weight of the aqueous electrolyte supply HHO gas to a truck for at least 30,000 miles of solution . In certain embodiments, for example , the aqueous driving . In certain embodiments, for example , the first electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous electrolyte defined space may be configured to hold a volume of solution with a concentration of one or electrolytes in the electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least range of 0.1-5 wt. % , for example in the range of 0.5-3 wt. 400,000 crankshaft rotations, for example at least 800,000 65 % , in the range of 1.5-3 wt. % , in the range of 0.1-1 wt. % , crankshaft rotations, at least 1,600,000 crankshaft rotations, in the range of 0.1-0.5 wt. % , in the range of 0.2-0.4 wt. % , at least 2,400,000 crankshaft rotations , at least 10,000,000 or the aqueous electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous

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electrolyte solution with a concentration of electrolyte in the electrolysis plates may comprise platinum , titanium , range of 0.25-0.35 wt. % (in total) relative to the total weight iridium , brass, gold , nickel alloy, silver, graphene or a of the aqueous electrolyte solution . combination of one or more thereof. In certain embodi In certain embodiments , for example , the aqueous elec ments, for example, at least one of the electrode plates (for trolyte solution may have a pH in the range of 3-11, for 5 example all of the electrode plates ) may comprise a first example a pH in the range of 4-10 , in the range of 5-9, in the material coated on a second material. In certain embodi range of 6-9 , in the range of 7-9 , in the range of 3-4 , in the ments, for example, the first material may comprise plati range of 4-5 , in the range of 5-6 , in the range of 6-7 , in the num , titanium , iridium , brass, gold , nickel alloy, silver , steel range of 7-8 , in the range of 8-9, or the aqueous electrolyte (for example stainless steel), or graphene and the second solution may have a pH in the range of 7.75-8.25 . 10 material may comprise platinum , titanium , iridium , brass, In certain embodiments, for example , the one or more gold , nickel alloy, silver, steel (for example stainless steel), electrolytes may be selected from the group consisting of: or graphene. In certain embodiments , for example, the at KOH , NaOH , Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NaCl, K2CO3, KHCO3, least one of the electrode plates ( for example all of the H2SO4, CH3COOH , and a combination of two or more electrode plates) may comprise iridium coated on titanium thereof. In certain further embodiments, for example , the 15 (or stainless steel). In certain embodiments , for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise an electrolyte solution , at least one of the electrode plates ( for example all of the wherein the concentration of one or more electrolytes pres electrode plates )may comprise graphene coated on titanium ent in the aqueous electrolyte solution may be selected , (or stainless steel).

maintained , and/or adjusted to provide an average (ormaxi In certain embodiments , for example , the plurality of mum ) current draw of less than 20 amps ( for example less 20 plates may be configured as a stack of approximately than 10 amps) at the operating voltage and temperature of parallel plates in fixed relation comprising two end plates the electrolysis cell. In certain further embodiments, for and remaining plates spaced an approximately equal dis example, the electrolyte concentration may be lower than the tance between adjacent plates. In certain further embodi concentration of electrolyte a conventional electrolysis cell. ments, for example, the positive terminalmay be attached to In certain embodiments , for example , the aqueous electro- 25 one of the end plates and the negative terminal may be lyte solution may be exclusive of sulfuric acid . In certain attached to the other of the end plates. In certain embodi embodiments, for example , the electrolysis cell may be ments, for example , the plurality of electrolysis plates may operated continuously (for example without pulsed width be fully immersed in the aqueous electrolyte solution . In modulation ) for a period of time (for example at least 10 certain embodiments , for example, the positive terminal and minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 1 hour, or indefinitely ) 30 the negative terminal may be in electrical and or electro without overheating , for example without heating to a tem chemical communication only or at least substantially perature in excess of 65° C. In certain further embodiments, through the plurality of plates and electrolyte solution pres for example , an ability to operate the electrolysis cell ent in the regions between adjacent plates. In certain continuously without overheating may be due at least in part embodiments, for example , electrical and / or electrochemical to a low electrolyte concentration in the aqueous electrolyte 35 communication through the plurality of plates and electro solution and /or a current draw of less than 15 amps ( for lyte solution present in the regions between adjacent plates example less than 10 amps). In certain embodiments, for may be increased ( for example maximized ) by insulating a example , the aqueous electrolyte solution may comprise a portion of the plurality of plates, for example by seating the low quantity of potassium carbonate ( for example 0.3 wt. % stack of plates in a slot of the pressurized container and/or potassium carbonate ) and have a pH in the range of 7-8 . 40 at least partially isolating the fluid situated between adjacent In certain embodiments , for example , the electrolysis cell plates in a plate stack with spacers , gaskets, and or sealants may further comprise a plurality of electrolysis plates. In between the adjacent plates .

certain further embodiments , for example, the plurality of In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell electrolysis plates may comprise in the range of 5-15 plates, may comprise cooling coils in the first defined space, for example in the range of 7-12 plates, or the plurality of 45 whereby heat may be removed from the aqueous electrolyte electrolysis plates may comprise in the range of 5-8 plates . solution .

In certain embodiments , for example, each of the plurality In certain embodiments , for example, the electrolysis cell of electrolysis plates may have a thickness in the range of may store air- free HHO gas and/or air- free HHO gasmay be 0.25-3 mm , for example in the range of 0.5-2.5 mm , or the injected at one or more points about an internal combustion plurality of electrolysis platesmay have a thickness in the of 50 engine . In certain embodiments , for example the stored 1-2 mm . and /or injected air-free HHO gasmay contain less than 5 wt. In certain embodiments , for example , a first one of the % air, less than 1 wt. % air , less than 1000 ppm air, less than plurality of electrolysis plates may be disposed at a distance 500 ppm air, less than 250 ppm air, or less than 100 ppm air . in the range of 0.25-8 mm from a second adjacent one of the In certain embodiments , for example , the electrolysis cell plurality of plates , for example a first one of the plurality of 55 may comprise a second defined space provisioned to contain electrolysis plates may be disposed at a distance in the range and /or store HHO gas . In certain further embodiments , for of 0.5-3 mm from a second adjacent one of the plurality of example , the second defined space may contain and/ or store plates . air -free HHO gas . In certain embodiments , for example, the In certain embodiments , for example, the plates may second defined space may have a volume of at least 1 quart, comprise ( for example be composed of or be partially or 60 at least 2 quarts , at least 1 gallon , at least 2 gallons , at least completely coated with ) a material that is composed of or 5 gallons, at least 10 gallons , or the second defined space comprises a highly conductive and low corrosivity material, may have a volume of at least 25 gallons. In certain for example a material with a higher conductivity higher embodiments, for example, the second defined space may than 304 stainless steel and a corrosivity in the electrolyte have a volume of less than 1 gallon , less than 5 gallons, less environment of about the same or less than 304 stainless 65 than 10 gallons, or the second defined space may have a steel. In certain embodiments , for example , at least a portion volume of less than 25 gallons. In certain embodiments, for of at least one surface of at least one of the plurality of example, the HHO gas may degrade, be changed , and /or be

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less effective (for example be at least partially reacted or inches, or the at least one outletmay be positioned within 0.1 quenched ) by exposure to air. In certain embodiments , for inches ) of an engine valve seatof a plurality of engine valve example, the HHO may be stored air- free (or at least seats of the internal combustion engine , the at least a second substantially air-free ) for at least 2 weeks ( for example at outletmay be positioned within 3 inches (for example within least 1 month ) without any noticeable change in perfor- 5 1.5 inches, within 1 inch , within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 mance when used as a second fuel in the internal combustion inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least a second outlet engine . In certain embodiments, may be positioned within 0.1 inches ) of a second engine Certain embodiments may provide , for example, an appa valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats , and the at ratus for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for engine , comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the 10 example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch , within 0.5 inches , HHO gas, and a gas flow regulator configured to start and within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least a third stop a flow of the HHO gas from the electrolysis cell to a outletmay be positioned within 0.1 inches ) of a third engine plurality of injectors of the internal combustion engine . In valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats. In certain certain further embodiments, for example , a gas exiting the embodiments, for example , the at least one outlet may be gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a tempera- 15 positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, ture of greater than 35 ° C., for example of greater than 40 ° within 1 inch , within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches , within C., of greater than 50 ° C., of greater than 60 ° C., or the gas 0.125 inches, or the at least one outlet may be positioned exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have within 0.1 inches ) of an orifice of an intake value of a a temperature of greater than 70 ° C. cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internal combus In certain further embodiments , for example, a gas exiting 20 tion engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a within 3 inches ( for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 temperature of less than 90 ° C., for example less than 80 ° C., inch , within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 less than 70 ° C., less than 60 ° C., or the gas exiting the gas inches, or the at least second outletmay be positioned within pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature 0.1 inches ) of an orifice of an intake valve of a second less than 45º C. In certain further embodiments , for 25 cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and the at least a third example , a gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be outletmay be positioned within 3 inches (for example within controlled to have a temperature in the range of 5-80 ° C., for 1.5 inches, within 1 inch , within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 example in the range of 10-80 ° C., in the range of 5-75 ° C., inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least a third outlet may in the range of 10-70 ° C., in the range of 10-60° C., in the be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an orifice of an intake range of 10-55 ° C., in the range of 20-80 ° C., in the range 30 valve of a third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders . of 10-80 ° C., of less than 90 ° C., for example less than 80 ° Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an appa C., less than 70 ° C., less than 60 ° C., or the gas exiting the ratus for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a tempera engine , comprising : an electrolysis cell for generating the ture less than 45º C. HHO gas, and a gas distribution harness comprising a Certain embodiments may provide , for example, an appa- 35 plurality of lances configured to deliver the HHO gas to a ratus for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion plurality of intake ports of the internal combustion engine . engine , comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the In certain embodiments, for example , the number of the HHO gas, and a gas distribution harness comprising a plurality of lances may be equal to a number of the plurality plurality of lances configured to deliver the HHO gas to a of the injectors . In certain embodiments, for example , at plurality of intake ports of the internal combustion engine . 40 least one lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at In certain embodiments, for example, the number of the least one outlet, at least a second lance of the plurality of plurality of lances may be equal to a number of the plurality lances may comprise at least a second outlet, and at least a of the injectors. In certain embodiments, for example, at third lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least least one lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at a third outlet. In certain embodiments , for example, the at least one outlet, at least a second lance of the plurality of 45 least one outlet may be positioned within 3 cm ( for example lances may comprise at least a second outlet, and at least a within 1.5 cm , within 1 cm , within 0.5 cm , within 0.25 cm , third lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least within 0.125 cm , or the at least one outletmay be positioned a third outlet. In certain embodiments , for example, the at within 0.1 cm ) of an air flow port of a cylinder of a plurality least one outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for of cylinders of the internal combustion engine , the at least a example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch , within 0.5 inches , 50 second outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least one within 1.5 cm , within 1 cm , within 0.5 cm , within 0.25 cm , outletmay be positioned within 0.1 inches ) of a an air flow within 0.125 cm , or the at least second outlet may be port of a cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internal positioned within 0.1 cm ) of an air flow port of a second combustion engine , the at least a second outlet may be cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and the at least a third positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches , 55 outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within within 1 inch , within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 1.5 cm , within 1 cm , within 0.5 cm , within 0.25 cm , within 0.125 inches, or the at least second outlet may be positioned 0.125 cm , or the at a least third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches ) of an air flow port of a second cylinder of within 0.1 cm ) of an air flow port of a third cylinder of the the plurality of cylinders , and the at least a third outlet may plurality of cylinders. In certain embodiments , for example , be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 60 the at least one outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for inches , within 1 inch , within 0.5 inches , within 0.25 inches , example within 1.5 cm , within 1 cm , within 0.5 cm , within within 0.125 inches, or the at a least third outlet may be 0.25 cm , within 0.125 cm , or the at least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an air flow port of a third positioned within 0.1 cm ) of an engine valve seat of a cylinder of the plurality of cylinders. In certain embodi plurality of engine valve seats of the internal combustion ments , for example, the at least one outlet may be positioned 65 engine, the at least a second outletmay be positioned within within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 3 cm ( for example within 1.5 cm , within 1 cm , within 0.5 inch , within 0.5 inches , within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 cm ,within 0.25 cm , within 0.125 cm , or the at least a second

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outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm ) of a second engine at a pre - determined time relative to the position of the piston valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats, and the at operating within the combustion chamber and/or firing of least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 cm ( for that combustion chamber. In certain embodiments, for example within 1.5 cm , within 1 cm , within 0.5 cm , within example ,the internal combustion engine may provide power 0.25 cm , within 0.125 cm , or the at least a third outlet may 5 to a vehicle and the pre -determined amount ofHHO gas may be positioned within 0.1 cm ) of a third engine valve seat of be generated by electrolyzing in the range of 2-30 ounces of the plurality of engine valve seats . In certain embodiments, electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 for example , the at least one outlet may be positioned within crankshaft revolutions, for example in the range of 3-16 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm , within 1 cm , within 0.5 ounces of electrolyte solution , in the range of 4-10 , or the cm , within 0.25 cm , within 0.125 cm , or the at least one 10 required amount of HHO gas may be generated by electro outletmay be positioned within 0.1 cm ) of an orifice of an lyzing in the range of 5-7 ounces ( for example 6 ounces) of intake value of a cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 internal combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may crankshaft revolutions. In certain embodiments, for be positioned within 3 cm ( for example within 1.5 cm , example, the internal combustion engine may provide power within 1 cm , within 0.5 cm , within 0.25 cm , within 0.125 15 to a vehicle and the required amount ofHHO gas may be in cm , or the at least second outlet may be positioned within 0.1 the range of 300-1000 liters per 10,000 miles or per 20,000, cm ) of an orifice of an intake valve of a second cylinder of 000 crankshaft revolutions, based on a gas temperature of the plurality of cylinders, and the at least a third outlet may 25 ° C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere, for example in the be positioned within 3 cm ( for example within 1.5 cm , range of 300-900 liters, in the range of 400-800 liters, in the within 1 cm , within 0.5 cm , within 0.25 cm , within 0.125 20 range of 500-700 liters, or the required amount of HHO gas cm , or the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 may be in the range of600-700 liters per 10,000 miles or per cm ) of an orifice of an intake valve of a third cylinder of the 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, based on a gas tempera plurality of cylinders. ture of 25° C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere . Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a system In certain embodiments, for example , the required amount for on - demand delivery of HHO gas for an internal com- 25 of HHO gas may be in the range of 1-10 liters per hour or bustion engine, comprising : an electrolysis cell for generat per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature ing the HHO gas, a controller, and an HHO injection of 25 ° C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere , for example in the apparatus. In certain further embodiments , for example, the range of 2-7 liters, in the range of 3-4.5 liters , or the required controller may adjust the injection of HHO gas when an amount ofHHO gas may be in the range of 3.5-4.5 liters per exhaust temperature of the internal combustion engine 30 hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas exceeds one ormore pre -determined temperatures . In certain temperature of 25 ° C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere . In further embodiments , the controller may adjust the injection certain embodiments, for example , the foregoing ranges of of HHO gas when an exhaust temperature of the internal the required amount of HHO gas may correspond to an combustion engine exceeds 50 ° C., for example when the average hourly requirement over typical driving conditions, exhaust temperature excess 75 ° C., 100 ° C., 150 ° C., 175 ° 35 for example an average hourly requirement over 10,000 C., or the controller may adjust the injection of HHO gas miles or over 20,000,000 crankshaft rotations under typical when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustion driving conditions applicable to the vehicle . engine exceeds 200 ° C. In certain further embodiments , for In certain embodiments, for example , the required amount example , the controller may increase the injection of HHO of HHO gas may be in the range of 1-10 liters per hour or gas by in the range of 1-5 wt. % when an exhaust tempera- 40 per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature ture of the internal combustion engine exceeds one or more ofwithin 20 ° C. of the temperature of engine coolant and a of the foregoing pre -determined temperatures, for example pressure of in the range of 40-50 psia , for example in the the controller may increase the injection of HHO gas by in range of 1.5-6 liters, in the range of 2-4 liters, or the required the range of 5-10 wt. % , increase the injection of HHO gas amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 2-3 liters per by in the range of 10-20 wt. % , increase the injection of 45 hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas HHO gas by in the range of 20-50 wt. % , increase the temperature of within 20 ° C. of the temperature of engine injection of HHO gas by in the range of 50-100 wt. % , coolant and a pressure of in the range of 40-50 psia. In increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 100-150 certain embodiments , for example, the foregoing ranges of wt. % , or the controller may increase the injection of HHO the required amount of HHO gas may correspond to an gas by in the range of 150-200 wt. % when an exhaust 50 average hourly requirement over typical driving conditions , temperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds one for example an average hourly requirement over 10,000 or more of the foregoing pre-determined temperatures miles or over 20,000,000 crankshaft rotations under typical Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a system driving conditions applicable to the vehicle. for onboard , on -demand delivery of an HHO gas for an Certain embodiments may provide , for example , a system internal combustion engine ( for example for a vehicle ), 55 for onboard , on-demand delivery of an HHO gas for an comprising: an electrolysis cell configured to produce a internal combustion engine for a vehicle, comprising : an required amount of HHO gas ; and an HHO gas delivery electrolysis cell capable of delivering a required amount of system configured to distribute the HHO gas to the internal HHO gas of at least 1 liter of HHO . In certain embodiments, combustion engine . In certain embodiments , for example, for example , the electrolysis cell may be capable of deliv distribution of the HHO gas may comprise delivering a 60 ering at least 1.5 liters of HHO gas for every 120,000 portion of the required amount of HHO gas from the revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine, for example at electrolysis cell to a position proximate an orifice (for least 2 liters, at least 3 liters, at least 4 liters, at least 5 liters , example within 3 inches of the at least one orifice ) of a at least 6 liters, at least 7 liters , at least 10 liters, at least 20 combustion chamber intake valve , wherein said portion of liters, or the electrolysis cell may be capable of delivering at the HHO gas is not introduced to or mixed with combustion 65 least 30 liters of HHO gas for every 120,000 revolutions of intake air until said portion reaches said position and deliv the crankshaft of the engine . In certain embodiments , for ering a pre -determined amount of a portion of the HHO gas example , the electrolysis cell may be capable of delivering

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in the range of 1-10 liters of HHO gas for every 120,000 5 ohm , at least 10 ohm , at least 20 ohm , or the electrolysis revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine, for example in cellmay be configured to have at least 30 ohm ofresistance . the range of 1-8 liters of HHO gas , in the range of 2-7 liters Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a of HHO gas, or the electrolysis cell may be capable of method , apparatus, or system to deliver HHO gas into one or delivering in the range of 2-5 liters of HHO gas for every 5 more cylinders of an internal combustion engine. In certain 120,000 revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine . In embodiments, for example, less than 0.05 liter of the HHO certain embodiments , for example , any of the above values gas per liter of cylinder displacement may be delivered to and /or ranges of the required amountmay be based on the each of the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than volume of HHO gas delivered from an electrolysis cell at the 300 kPa (for example less than 200 kPa, less than 150 kPa, outlet pressure of the electrolysis cell ( for example 45-50 10 or less than 110 kPa ), less than 0.025 liter of the HHO gas psia ). In certain embodiments, for example , any of the above per liter of cylinder displacement may be delivered to each values and /or ranges of the required amount may be based of the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 on a volume of HHO gas as calculated at a standard kPa ( for example less than 200 kPa, less than 150 kPa , or temperature and pressure (for example , a standard tempera less than 110 kPa), less than 0.01 liter of the HHO gas per ture of 25 ° C. and a standard pressure of 1 atmosphere ). In 15 liter of cylinder displacement may be delivered to each of certain embodiments , for example , any of the above values the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 kPa and /or ranges of the required amount may be based on the (for example less than 200 kPa, less than 150 kPa , or less volume of the HHO gas at the outlet temperature and than 110 kPa), or less than 0.005 liter of the HHO gas per pressure of an engine coolant-cooled flow regulator in liter of cylinder displacement may be delivered to each of communication with at least one HHO gas injector ( for 20 the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 kPa example an outlet temperature within 20 ° C. of the tem (for example less than 200 kPa , less than 150 kPa, or less perature of engine coolant entering the flow regulator and a than 110 kPa ).

pressure of 45 psi above an inlet air pressure of the internal Certain embodiments may provide, for example , method combustion engine. for reducing one or more emissions of an internal combus In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell 25 tion engine, comprising: controlling a temperature of an may store a volume of HHO gas sufficient to deliver the HHO gas by exchanging heat with an engine coolant; and required amount of HHO gas for at least 5,000 crankshaft delivering an HHO gas at the controlled temperature to at revolutions of the internal combustion engine, for example least one intake port of the internal combustion engine . In at least 10,000 crankshaft revolutions, 15,000 crankshaft certain embodiments, one or more than one ( including for revolutions, 20,000 crankshaft revolutions, or the electroly- 30 instance all) of the following embodiments may comprise sis cell may store a volume of HHO gas sufficient to deliver each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain the required amount of HHO gas for at least 50,000 crank embodiments, for example, one or more engine-out emis shaft revolutions of the internal combustion engine . In sions of the internal combustion engine may fall within or certain further embodiments , for example, the temperature meet one or more regulated emission limits for the internal of the electrolysis cell may not exceed 80 ° C. during 35 combustion engine according to one or more emission operation , for example the temperature of the electrolysis standards specified in Europe (for example the Euro I, Euro cell may not exceed may not exceed 65 ° C. during operation . II , Euro III, Euro IV , Euro V , or Euro VI emission standards ) In certain embodiments, for example , the temperature of the and /or by the Environmental Protection Agency ( for electrolysis cell may not exceed 25 ° C. above ambient example the 2002 , 2004, 2007, 2010 , or 2014 Environmental temperature . 40 Protection Agency emission standards ). In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more may be powered by a DC power source having a voltage in engine -out emissions may be particulate matter (PM ) emis the range of 11-30 VDC , for example 11-14 VDC , the sions, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, nitric oxide (NO ) electrolysis cell may be powered by a DC power source emissions, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions, hydrocarbon having a voltage in the range of 20-28 VDC . In certain 45 (HC ) emissions, total hydrocarbon (THC ) emissions, non embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be methane hydrocarbon (NMHC ) emissions, hydrocarbon and powered by a DC power source having a voltage of 24 VDC , nitrogen oxide (HC + NOx ) emissions, nitrogen oxide and or the electrolysis cell may be powered by a DC power non -methane hydrocarbon (NOx + NMHC ) emissions, car source having a voltage of 28 VDC . bon oxide ( CO ) emissions, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, In certain further embodiments , for example, the elec- 50 fine particle (PM2,5) emissions, ultrafine particle (PM..1 ) trolysis cell may comprise an electrolyte solution , wherein emissions, number of particles (PN ) emissions, non -meth the concentration of electrolyte present in the aqueous ane organic gases ( NMOG ) emissions, formaldehyde electrolyte solution may be selected , maintained , and /or (HCHO ) emissions, or a combination of one or more of the adjusted to provide an average (or maximum ) current draw foregoing emissions.

of less than 20 amps, 15 amps, or less than 10 amps at the 55 In certain embodiments , for example, one of the one or operating temperature of the electrolysis cell. In certain more regulated emission limits may be based on one or more embodiments, for example , the electrolysis cell may be test procedures. In certain embodiments, for example , the configured to operate on less than 250 watts of DC power, one or more test procedures may be the Federal Test for example the electrolysis cell may be configured to Procedure (FTP ), the Environmental Protection Agency operate on less than 150 watts of DC power. In certain 60 Transient Test Procedure , the Not-to -Exceed (NTE ) test, the embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be Supplemental Emission Test (SET), the Urban Dynamom configured to have less than 20 ohm of resistance , for eter Driving Schedule (UDDS), the FTP 72 cycle, the FTP example less than 10 ohm , less than 5 ohm , or the electroly 75 cycle, the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule sis cell may be configured to have less than 3 ohm of (UDDS), the US06 test or Supplemental Federal Test Pro resistance. In certain embodiments, for example , the elec- 65 cedure (SFTP ), the LA92 “ Unified ” Dynamometer Driving trolysis cell may be configured to have at least 1 ohm of Schedule, the New European Driving Cycle test (NEDC ), resistance , for example at least 2 ohm , at least 3 ohm , at least the Extra Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC ), the ECE Urban

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Driving Cycle, the Common Artemis Driving Cycles stream at a temperature within a predetermined range or (CADC ), the ADAC Highway Cycle, the RTS 95 Cycle, the proximate a temperature set point ( for example within 12 ° ECE R49 cycle , the ESC (OICA ) cycle, the ELR cycle , the F., within 15° F., within + 10 ° F., within + 15 ° F., or within ETC (FIGE ) cycle , the Exhaust Emission Standards for + 20 ° F. of the a temperature set point). In certain embodi Nonroad Compression -Ignition Engines, according to 40 5 ments, for example, the heat transfer medium may be an C.F.R. Part 89 Subpart E , according to 40 C.F.R. Part 1039 engine coolant stream . In certain embodiments, for example , Subpart F , or a combination of two or more thereof. the heat transfer medium may be an engine exhaust stream . In certain embodiments, for example , one of the one or In certain embodiments , for example, the heat transfer more regulated emission limits may be a PM level of less medium may be a diesel particulate filter (DPF ) burner than 1.0 grams per kilowatt-hour (g /kW -hr), for example a 10 exhaust stream . In certain embodiments , for example, the PM level of less than 0.02 g/kW -hr. In certain embodiments , heat exchangermay be integral with an HHO gas generation for example, one of the one or more regulated emission system . In certain embodiments, for example, the heat limits may be a PM level of less than 0.25 grams per exchanger may be part of an HHO gas distribution system . kilometer (g/km ), for example a PM level of less than 0.005 The heat exchanger may be any suitable heat exchanger. g/km . In certain embodiments, for example , one of the one 15 In certain embodiments, for example, the heat exchanger or more regulated emission limits may be a NOx level ofless may be a shell and tube heat exchanger wherein the HHO than 15.8 g/kWh, for example a NOx level of less than 0.268 gas stream enters a first end of a tube portion of the heat g/kWh . In certain embodiments , for example , one of the one exchanger through an inlet, passes thorough an inner chan or more regulated emission limits may be a NOx levelofless nel defined by the tube portion , and exits the heat exchanger than 0.78 g/km , for example a NOx level of less than 0.012 20 through a second end of the tube . In this embodiment, for g /km . In certain embodiments , for example , one of the one example , the heat transfer medium (for example engine ormore regulated emission limits may be an HC level of less exhaust gas and /or engine coolant) may flow through an than 2.6 g/kWh, for example an HC level of less than 0.13 outer channel defined by a shell portion of the heat g/kWh . In certain embodiments, for example , one of the one exchanger. In certain other embodiments , for example, the or more regulated emission limits may be a THC level of less 25 heat transfer medium may flow through the inner channel than 0.29 g /km a THC level of less than 0.10 g/km . In certain and the HHO gas may flow through the outer channel. In embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated certain embodiments, for example , the shell and tube heat emission limits may be an NMHC level of less than 1.3 exchanger may be operated in a parallel flow configuration . g /kW -hr, for example an NMHC level of less than 0.19 In certain embodiments, for example , the shell and tube heat g /kW -hr. In certain embodiments, for example , one of the 30 exchanger may be operated in a countercurrent flow con one or more regulated emission limits may be an NMHC figuration . In certain embodiments , for example , the tube level of less than 0.108 g/km , for example an NMHC level portion may be a straight tube ( for example a 1/8 inch thick of less than 0.068 g/km . In certain embodi ents , for copper or steel tube having a working length in the range of example , one of the one or more regulated emission limits 3-8 inches). Other types of heat exchangers are contem may be an NMHC +NOx level ofless than 21.4 g /kW -hr, for 35 plated . In certain embodiments , for example , the heat example an NMHC + NOx level of less than 4.0 g/kW -hr. In exchanger may be in a spiral configuration . In certain certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more embodiments , for example , the heat exchanger may a plate regulated emission limits may be an HC +NOx level of less and -frame heat exchanger. In certain embodiments, for than 1.7 g/km , for example an HC +NOx level of less than example , the heat exchanger may be a rotating bed heat 0.170 g/km . In certain embodiments , for example , one of the 40 exchanger .

one or more regulated emission limits may be a CO level of Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a method less than 53.6 g/kW -hr, for example a CO level of less than of delivering HHO gas to a combustion chamber of an 1.0 g/kW -hr. In certain embodiments , for example, one of internal combustion engine . In certain embodiments, for the one ormore regulated emission limits may be a CO level example , the HHO gas may be delivered at a controlled of less than 6.9 g/km , for example a CO level of less than 45 temperature . In certain further embodiments , for example, 0.50 g/km . In certain embodiments , for example, one of the the controlled temperature may be within 20 ° C. of an one or more regulated emission limits may be a NMOG level engine coolant temperature ( for example the temperature of of less than 0.28 g/mi, for example a NMOG level of less an inlet coolant supplied to an inlet side of a heat exchanger than 0.01 g /mi. In certain embodiments , for example , one of positioned upstream of the combustion chamber, such as the one or more regulated emission limits may be an HCHO 50 positioned proximate a regulator for HHO gas flow into the level of less than 0.032 g/mi, for example an HCHO level of combustion chamber ), for example the temperature may be less than 0.004 g/mi. In certain embodiments , for example , within 15 ° C., within 10 ° C., or the controlled temperature one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a may be within 5º C. of an engine coolant temperature. In PN level of less than 6 * 1012, for example a PN level of less certain further embodiments, for example, the controlled than 6 * 1011 55 temperature may be no more than 20 ° C. above an engine In certain embodiments, for example, the methods, sys coolant temperature ( for example the temperature of an inlet tems, and /or apparatus of the present disclosure may com coolant supplied to an inlet side of a heat exchanger), for prise a heat exchanger configured to receive an HHO gas example the temperature may be no more than 15 ° C., no stream . In certain embodiments , for example , the heat more than 10 ° C., or the controlled temperature may be no exchanger may be configured to heat the HHO gas stream . 60 more than 5 ° C. above an engine coolant temperature. In In certain embodiments , for example , the heat exchanger certain further embodiments , for example , the controlled may be configured to cool the HHO gas stream . In certain temperature may be no more than 20 ° C.below an engine embodiments, for example, the heat exchanger may be coolant temperature ( for example the temperature of an inlet configured to receive a heat transfer medium to heat or cool coolant supplied to an inlet side of a heat exchanger ), for the HHO gas stream . In certain embodiments, for example , 65 example the temperature may be no more than 15° C., no the rate of heat transfer medium passed through the heat more than 10 ° C., or the controlled temperature may be no exchanger may be controlled to maintain the HHO gas more than 5 ° C. below an engine coolant temperature .

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In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may example , more complete combustion may be more than be under pressure when introduced to an internal combus 10 % , for example more than 20 % , more than 30 % , more tion engine. In certain embodiments , for example, the HHO than 40 % , more than 50 % , more than 60 % , more than 70 % , gas may be introduced at a pressure in the range of 50-500 more than 80 % , more than 90 % , or more than 99 % com kPa above the pressure of an intake port of the combustion 5 bustion of the hydrocarbon fuel provided to the internal chamber of the internal combustion engine, for example in combustion engine. In certain embodiments , for example, the range of50-300 kPa above the pressure of an intake port, substantially complete combustion may be more than 80 % , in the range of 100-200 kPa , in the range of 45-50 psi, or the for example more than 85 % , more than 90 % , more than HHO gas may be introduced at a pressure in the range of 95 % , more than 96 % , more than 97 % , more than 98 % , or 100-150 kPa above the pressure of an intake port of the 10 more than 99 % combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel pro combustion chamber.

In certain embodiments, for example , the HHO gas may vided to the internal combustion engine. Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara be introduced at a pressure in the range of 45-50 psi above tus , methods , or systems to improve the operation of the the pressure of an intake port combustion chamber and at a temperature within 30 ° C. of an inlet coolant supplied to an 15 internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments , one or inlet side of a heat exchanger . In certain embodiments , for more than one (including for instance all) of the following example , use of the engine coolant to control the tempera embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments ture of the HHO gas and /or controlling the introduction or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the pressure of the HHO gas (for example by using a pressure internal combustion engine may operate at a cooler tem regulator) may allow pre- determined amounts of the HHO 20 perature and/ or may run cleaner. In certain embodiments, for gas to be introduced to the internal combustion engine. In example , the internal combustion engine may generate more certain embodiments, for example , the aforesaid tempera power for the same or lower amount of fuel. In certain ture and /or pressure controls may provide more precise embodiments, for example , the internal combustion engine control over the amount of HHO gas introduced into the may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for effi internal combustion engine in comparison to a system 25 cient operation of exhaust aftertreatment systems. In certain lacking said controls ( for example a traditional system for embodiments, for example , the internal combustion engine introducing electrolysis gases into an internal combustion may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for effi engine ) cient operation of diesel particulate filter (DPF ). In certain Certain embodiments may provide , for example , appara embodiments, for example , the internal combustion engine tus, methods, or systems to improve the performance of an 30 may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for effi internal combustion engine . In certain embodiments , for cient operation of selective catalytic reactor (SCR ). In example , the internal combustion engine may include gaso certain embodiments, for example , the internal combustion line engines, diesel engines, turbocharged diesel engines, engine may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for supercharged diesel engines , direct injection diesel engines, efficient operation of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC ). In trunk -piston diesel engines, crosshead diesel engines, 35 certain embodiments , for example , the internal combustion marine diesel engines, locomotive diesel engines , low - speed enginemay generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for diesel engines, medium -speed diesel engines, high -speed efficient operation of NOx trap .

diesel engines, double -acting diesel engines , 2 -stroke Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara engines, 4 - stroke engines and combinations thereof. In cer tus, methods, or systems to introduce a second fuel ( for tain embodiments , for example, internal combustion engines 40 example a second fuel exclusive of a petroleum -derived may realize a fuel economy increase of at least 1 % , for fuel) into an internal combustion engine. In certain embodi example at least 2 % , at least 3 % , at least 4 % , at least 5 % , at ments, for example, the second fuel (or booster gas or least 10 % , at least 15 % , at least 20 % , at least 25 % , at least enhancement gas) comprises hydrogen , oxygen and /ormix 30 % , at least 35 % , at least 40 % , at least 45 % , at least 50 % , tures thereof. In certain embodiments, for example , the or more . In certain embodiments , for example , the fuel 45 second fuel may substantially comprise hydrogen , oxygen economy increase may be in the range of between 1-50 % , and/or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, for for example between 1-5 % , between 5-10 % , between example , the second fuel may predominantly comprise 5-25 % , between 7-12 % , between 10-20 % , between 15-25 % , hydrogen , oxygen and /or mixtures thereof. In certain between 20-25 % , between 20-30 % , between 20-50 % , embodiments, for example , the second fuelmay be a product between 30-35 % , between 30-38 % , between 40-50 % , 50 of electrolysis.

between 40-45 % , or between 44-50 % . Certain embodiments may provide , for example , appara In certain embodiments, for example, internal combustion tus, methods, or systems to produce an oxygen -hydrogen gas engines may realize a fuel economy increase of at least 1 % , mixture (for example an oxygen -hydrogen gas mixture for for example at least 2 % , at least 3 % , at least 4 % , at least 5 % , use as a second fuel in an internal combustion engine ). In at least 10 % , at least 15 % , at least 20 % , at least 25 % , at least 55 certain embodiments , for example , the gas mixture may be 30 % , at least 35 % , at least 40 % , at least 45 % , at least 50 % , an oxygen -rich or hydrogen -rich a gas mixture. In certain or more. In certain embodiments , for example , the fuel embodiments, for example , the gas mixture may comprise at economy increase may be in the range of between 1-50 % , least one or more of the following aqueous electrolyte for example between 1-5 % , between 5-10 % , between solution electrolysis components : monatomic oxygen , 5-25 % ,between 7-12 % , between 10-20 % , between 15-25 % , 60 diatomic oxygen , monatomic hydrogen , diatomic hydrogen , between 20-25 % , between 20-30 % , between 20-50 % , hydrogen ions, oxygen ions , mononuclear oxygen , mono between 30-35 % , between 30-38 % , between 40-50 % , nuclear ozone, singlet oxygen , hydroxide ions, hydronium between 40-45 % , or between 44-50 % . ions, superoxide, hydrogen superoxide , hydroxide radical, Certain embodiments may provide , for example , appara peroxide radical, ionic peroxide, combinations of one or tus, methods, or systems to achieve substantially complete 65 more of these and /or mixtures of the same. In certain combustion , or at least more complete combustion , within embodiments, for example , in exemplary embodiments , the the internal combustion engine . In certain embodiments , for gas mixture may be a gas mixture comprising at least

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hydrogen ions and oxygen ions, or diatomic oxygen and greater than 60 % , greater than 75 % , greater than 80 % , diatomic hydrogen , or oxygen ion and diatomic oxygen , etc. greater than 90 % , greater than 95 % or close to 100 % . Certain embodiments may provide , for example , appara Certain embodiments may provide , for example, appara tus , methods, or systems to produce a gas mixture that is tus, methods, or systems to increase the concentration of an approximately two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen (for 5 oxidizer in an internal combustion engine. In certain example 2 : 1) or less than 2 : 1 (for example 1.75 :1, 1.5 :1 , embodiments , for example, the increase in the amount of 1.25 : 1, 1: 1, 0.75 :1, or 0.5 : 1). In certain embodiments , for oxidizers may be at least 5 % , at least 10 % , at least 15 % , at example, the gas mixture produced may be modified before least 20 % , at least 25 % , at least 30 % , at least 35 % , at least being delivered to the internal combustion engine . In certain 10 40 % , at least 45 % , or at least 50 % . In certain embodiments, embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be com for example , the increase in the amount of oxidizers may be bined with an additive and /or the composition of the gas between 5-50 % , such as between 10-20 % ,between 15-25 % , mixture may be modified by adding , recycling or removing between 20-30 % , between 25-35 % , between 30-40 % , portions of the gas mixture . In certain embodiments , for between 35-45 % , or between 40-50 % .

example , the electrolysis process may generate a hydrogen 15 Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara to oxygen ratio of between 1.8 : 1 to 2.3 : 1, for example a tus, methods, or systems that serve as a mechanism for hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2 :1 and the system may be distributing the oxidizer for more even air /fuel mixture. configured to deliver a gas mixture having a hydrogen to Certain embodiments may provide , for example , appara oxygen ratio of less than 2 :1 , for example a hydrogen to tus ,methods, or systems to generate a gas mixture that is an oxygen ratio of 1.8 : 1 or less , such as 1.7 :1 or less , 1.5 :1 or 20 accelerant to speed combustion , enhance combustion , and/or less, 1.3 :1 or less , by removing, or recycling , a portion of the increase the extent of combustion . hydrogen from the gas mixture prior to delivery . Alterna Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara tively, in certain embodiments, for example , an apparatus, tus , methods, or systems to displace air with oxygen and/or method , or system may generate hydrogen and oxygen at a hydrogen within the engine's intake system . In certain hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2 :1,but some of the hydrogen 25 embodiments, one or more than one ( including for instance or oxygen , for example oxygen , may be trapped in bubbles, all) of the following embodimentsmay comprise each of the and the apparatus, method , or system may be configured to other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, release the trapped oxygen to effectively deliver more oxy for example , an apparatus, method , or system may displace gen to the internal combustion engine . air within the engine’s intake system with the gas mixture , Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- 30 resulting from the gas mixture generator system . In certain tus, methods, or systems to produce a gas mixture that is embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method , or system approximately two parts oxygen to one part hydrogen ( for may be used to create a shorter combustion process that example 2 : 1) or less than 2: 1 ( for example 1.75 :1 , 1.5 :1 , lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing the forma 1.25 :1 , 1 :1 , etc.). In certain embodiments, for example , the tion of nitrogen oxides. In certain embodiments , for electrolysis process may generate an oxygen to hydrogen 35 example , an apparatus, method, or system may generate a ratio of between 1.8 : 1 to 2.3 : 1, for example an oxygen to gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an aqueous elec hydrogen ratio of 2: 1 ratio , and the system may be config trolyte solution and introducing at least a portion of the gas ured to deliver a gas mixture having an oxygen to hydrogen mixture into the engine's intake for improved combustion . ratio of less than 2: 1, for example an oxygen to hydrogen In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus , method, ratio of 1.8 :1 or less, 1.7: 1 or less, 1.5 :1 or less, 1.3: 1 or less 40 or system may generate a gas mixture resulting from elec by removing, adding or recycling a portion of the hydrogen trolysis of an aqueous electrolyte solution and introducing a or oxygen from the gas mixture prior to delivery . In certain substantial portion (for example greater than 95 wt. % ), of embodiments, for example , the system may generate an the gas mixture into the engine's intake for improved oxygen to hydrogen ratio of less than 3.5 : 1, less than 3 : 1, combustion . In certain embodiments , for example, an appa less than 2.75: 1, less than 2.5 : 1 . 45 ratus, method , or system may generate a gas mixture result Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara ing from electrolysis of an aqueous electrolyte solution and tus , methods, or systems to result in a more reliably con storing the gas mixture in a storage tank instead of intro trolled gas mixture generation process. In certain embodi ducing the gas mixture into the engine's intake. In certain ments, for example , the current provided to the system for embodiments, for example , an apparatus,method, or system gas generation may be continually or continuously regulated 50 may generate an optimized or partially optimized quantity of or controlled , for example, in real time (or substantially real a gas mixture, such as a gas mixture having one or more time), so as to provide predetermined or controlled quantity aqueous electrolyte solution electrolysis components , into of gas, for example , in relation to the engine speed and /or the engine's intake for improved combustion . In certain demand . embodiments, for example , an apparatus,method, or system Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- 55 may be configured to produce in the range of between 1-7.5 tus, methods, or systems to utilize a substantially closed liters of gas per minute , such as 1.2 , 1.7 , 2.0 , 2.9 , 3.5 , 5.0 , loop system that recycles a water-reagent (or water-electro or 7.0 liters of gas per minute , and/or produce in the range lyte or aqueous electrolyte solution electrolysis component) of between 0.08-0.75 liters of gas per minute per liter of mixture in an effort to reduce its consumption . engine displacement, such as 0.1 , 0.12 , 0.17 , 0.20 , 0.25 , Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- 60 0.29, 0.3 , 0.32,0.35 , 0.4 , 0.45 , 0.50 , 0.6 , or 0.70 liters of gas tus, methods, or systems to alter combustion (for example per minute per liter of engine displacement. In certain diesel combustion ) chemistry to reduce particulate forma embodiments, for example , an apparatus, method , or system tion . In certain embodiments, for example, internal combus may be configured to produce in the range ofbetween 0.25-3 tion engines may realize a reduction in particulate formation liters of gas per minute , such as between 0.25-2.5 , between of greater than 5 % , greater than 10 % , greater than 15 % , 65 0.25-2 , between 0.25-1.5 , between 0.25-1, between 0.25 greater than 20 % , greater than 25 % , greater than 30 % , 0.50 , between 0.50-0.75, between 0.5-2.5 , between 0.5-1.5 , greater than 35 % , greater than 40 % , greater than 50 % , between 0.75-1, between 1-2 , between 1-3 , between 1-1.5 ,

Page 65

between 1.25-1.75 , between 1.5-2 , between 2-2.5 , between tions), for example, the tank may be even larger. In certain 2.5-3 liters of gas per minute . embodiments, for example , the system or apparatus may Certain embodiments may provide, for example , a system comprise multiple tanks.

or apparatus to generate a gas mixture for use with an In certain embodiments , for example, the cell may com internal combustion engine , the system or apparatus com 5 prise at least two plates, a firstplate configured to be coupled prising a tank configured to store an aqueous electrolyte to a positive terminal of a voltage source and a second plate solution consisting essentially ofwater and a predetermined configured to be coupled to a negative terminal of the quantity of electrolyte ( reagent). In certain embodiments , cell voltage source . In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more than one ( including for instance all) of the 10 uredmay further comprise at least one neutral plate config following embodiments of the system or apparatus may plate.in Ina series certain relationship to the first plate and the second embodiments , for example, the cell may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments , for example, the system or apparatus 6comprise at least 2 , at least 3 , at least 4 , at least 5 , at least , at least 7 , at least 8 , at least 9, at least 10 , at least 11, at may further comprise a cell (i.e., an electrolytic cell) con least 12, at least 13, at least 14 , or at least 15 neutral plates. figured for aiding in the electrolysis of the aqueous electro 15 In certain lyte solution . In certain further embodiments , for example, plates mayembodiments , for example, the number of neutral be selected to obtain a desired voltage drop the cell may comprise a plurality of plates arranged sub between the plates .

stantially parallel to one another and be spaced substantially In certain embodiments, for example , the soft rubber equidistant from an adjacent one of the plurality of plates , portion of the at least one sealmay be positioned on an inner and at least one seal located between the plurality of plates. 20 edge of the hard plastic portion of the seal. In certain embodiments , for example , the at least one seal In certain embodiments, for example , the soft rubber may comprise a relatively hard plastic portion with a first portion may be located on the outer edge of hard plastic thickness for maintaining the predetermined distance portion . In certain embodiments, for example, the seal may between adjacent plates, and a relatively soft sealing portion , comprise at least two soft plastic portions — a first soft typically, a soft , often rubber or rubber-like portion , with a 25 plastic portion may be located between the interface of the second thickness for maintaining the substantially airtight hard plastic portion and a first one of the adjacent plates and and substantially watertight seal between adjacent ones of interfacea second soft plastic portion may be located between the the plurality of plates . of the hard plastic portion and a second one of the In certain embodiments, for example, the system or adjacent plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus may further comprise a controller configured to 30 thesoft sealplastic portion may surround the hard plastic portion of . In certain embodiments , for example, the thickness apply a pulse width modulated voltage to the cell to generate of the soft the gas mixture within the cell. In certain further embodi of the hard rubber portion may be larger than the thickness ments , for example, the controller may be configured to ments , for example ,portion plastic of the seal. In certain embodi regulate the current provided to the cell by controlling the 35 0.003 " , 0.004 " , 0.005" , 0.006plastic

duty cycle of the pulse width modulated voltage. In certain 0.010 ", 0.0125 " , 0.025 " , 0.0375 " , 0.050 " , 0.0625" , or 0.075 " embodiments, for example, the duty cycle may be controlled thick . In certain embodiments , for example, the soft rubber in real time and/or substantially real time. portion may be 0.002" , 0.003" , 0.004 " , 0.005" , 0.006 " , In certain embodiments, for example, the system or 0.007" , 0.008 " , 0.009" , 0.010 " , 0.011" , 0.012 " , 0.13 " , apparatus may further comprise an output for outputting the 40 0.014" , 0.030", 0.038 ", 0.055" , 0.0675", or 0.080" thick . In gas mixture to the internal combustion engine . certain embodiments, for example , the hard plastic portion In certain embodiments, for example , the gas mixture may may be manufactured from a material selected such that the be input into the tank prior to being output to the internal hard plastic portion does not significantly react with the combustion engine. In certain embodiments , for example , aqueous electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments , for the gas mixture may be output to the internal combustion 45 example , the hard plastic portion may bemanufactured from engine without being input into the tank . In certain embodi high density polyethylene (HDPE ), polyphthalamide (PPA ), ments, for example, the gas mixture may be stored in the styrene , nylon , or combinations thereof. In certain embodi tank without being output to the internal combustion engine ments, for example , the soft rubber portion may be manu under certain operating conditions. In certain embodiments, factured from a material selected such that the soft rubber for example, the gas generation system or apparatusmay be 50 portion does not significantly react with the aqueous elec integral with the gas storage tank . trolyte solution . In certain embodiments , for example, the In certain embodiments , for example , the tank may be soft rubber portion may be manufactured from ethylene manufactured of a material that is non - conductive . propylene diene monomer (EPDM ).

In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte may In certain embodiments, for example , the internal com be a metal salt , such as a metal salt at least partially soluble 55 bustion engine may be a turbocharged diesel engine and the in water . In certain embodiments , for example, the electro gas mixturemay be input into the turbocharged diesel engine lyte solution (for example an aqueous electrolyte solution ) up stream of an intake valve or valves . In certain embodi may comprise a salt selected from the group consisting of: ments , for example, the internal combustion engine may KOH , NaOH , Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NaCl, K2CO3, KHCO3, comprise a nonroad engine , a stationary engine , a locomo H2SO4 , CH3COOH , and a combination of two or more 60 tive engine, a marine engine , an aircraft engine, or a gen thereof. erator set engine . In certain embodiments , for example , the In certain embodiments, for example , the size of the tank internal combustion engine may comprise a spark -ignition may be selected such that the aqueous electrolyte solution engine, a compression - ignition engine , a naturally aspirated occupies less than 1/4 , 1/3, 1/2 , 2/3 , or 3/4 , the volume of the tank engine, a turbocharged engine , a turbocompound engine , a during operation . In certain embodiments , for example , the 65 supercharged engine , a direct injection engine , an indirect tank may have a capacity of 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7, 8, 9 , or 10 liters . injection engine, or a port injection engine . In certain In certain embodiments (for example for larger applica embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine

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may comprise a gasoline engine , a diesel engine , an ethanol diatomic hydrogen , hydrogen ions, oxygen ions, mononu engine, a methanol engine , a biofuel engine, a natural gas clear oxygen , mononuclear, ozone, singlet oxygen , hydrox engine , a propane engine, or an alternative fuel engine . ide ions, hydronium ions, superoxide, hydrogen superoxide , In certain embodiments, for example , apparatus,methods, hydroxide radical, peroxide radical, ionic peroxide, combi or systems may comprise a scrubber. In certain embodi- 5 nations of one or more of these and /or mixtures of the same. ments , for example , the scrubber may comprise a switch In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may configured to sense excess liquid and/ormoisture in the form of foam in the gas stream and shut-off the electrolysis be a gas mixture comprising at least hydrogen ions and process to prevent the excess moisture from entering the oxygen ions oxygen ion , or diatomic oxygen and diatomic hydrogen , or and diatomic oxygen , etc. In certain embodi internal combustion engine , and /or the accumulation of the 10 ments, for example gas mixture . In certain embodiments, for example, the be an oxygen -rich ,gas the oxygen -hydrogen gas mixture may apparatus, methods, or systems may be exclusive of a mixture, or a hydrogen -mixture , an oxygen -hydrogen gas scrubber. For example , HHO gas may be generated and /or In certain embodiments, for example-hydrogen rich oxygen gas mixture . , the gas mixture may stored at a temperature (for example a temperature in the range of 100-110 ° F.) that avoids excess and/ormoisture and 15 comprise approximately two parts hydrogen to one part therefore makes a scrubber unnecessary . oxygen (for example a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of 2: 1) Certain embodiments may provide, for example , HHO or less than 2 :1 (for example a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen gas that is generated and distributed moisture - free . Mois of less than 1.75 : 1 , less than 1.5 :1 , less than 1.25 : 1 , less than ture - free HHO gas includes HHO gas free of entrained water 1: 1 , less than 0.75 : 1 , or a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of less droplets wherein the HHO gas is saturated with water at a 20 than 0.5 :1, etc.). In certain embodiments , for example , the sufficiently low temperature (and /or high pressure ) such that gas mixture produced may be modified before being deliv no water condenses from the HHO gas during distribution ered to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodi from an electrolysis unit to an internal combustion engine . ments, for example, the gas mixture may be combined with In certain embodiments , for example, the moisture -free an additive and /or the composition of the gas mixture may HHO gas may have no more than 0.062 g/cm (for example 25 be modified by adding or removing portions of the gas no more than 0.06 g/cm ", no more than 0.05 g/cm ", or no mixture . In certain embodiments, for example, an electroly more than 0.04 g /cm ) water. In certain embodiments , for sis process may generate a gas mixture having a hydrogen to example , the moisture-free HHO gas may be saturated with oxygen ratio in the range of between 1.8 : 1 to 2.3 : 1, for water at a temperature of no more than 120 ° F. (for example example a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2: 1, and an apparatus, no more than 110 ° F. or no more than 100 ° F.) at a pressure 30 system , or method may be capable of delivering a gas in the range of 40-60 psig (for example a pressure in the mixture having a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of less than 2 : 1, range of 45-50 psig ). for example a ratio of 1.8 :1 or less, 1.7 :1 or less, 1.5: 1 or Certain embodiments may provide, for example , appara less, 1.3: 1 or less, by removing , or recycling , a portion of the tus , methods , or systems to realize a fuel economy increase hydrogen from the gas mixture prior to delivery. Alterna of at least 1 % , for example at least 2 % , at least 5 % , at least 35 tively, in certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus , 10 % , at least 15 % , at least 20 % , at least 25 % , at least 30 % , system , ormethod may be capable of generating a 2: 1 ratio at least 35 % , at least 40 % , at least 45 % , at least 50 % , or ofhydrogen to oxygen but some of the hydrogen or oxygen , more . In certain embodiments, for example, the fuel for example oxygen , may be trapped in bubbles, and the economy increase may be in the range of between 1-50 % , apparatus, system , or method may be configured to enable for example between 1-5 % , between 5-10 % , between 40 the release of the trapped oxygen to effectively deliver more 5-25 % , between 7-12 % , between 10-20 % , between 15-25 % , oxygen to the internal combustion engine . Certain embodi between 20-25 % , between 20-30 % , between 20-50 % , ments, for example, may comprise methods capable of between 30-35 % , between 30-38 % , between 40-50 % , producing a gas mixture that is approximately two parts between 40-45 % , or between 44-50 % . oxygen to one part hydrogen ( for example 2: 1) or less than Certain embodiments may provide , for example, appara- 45 2 :1 (for example 1.75 : 1, 1.5 :1 , 1.25 : 1, 1: 1, etc.). In certain tus, methods, or systems to improve the operation of an embodiments, for example , an electrolysis process may internal combustion engine . In certain embodiments , for generate between an oxygen to hydrogen ratio in the range example , the internal combustion engine may operate at a of between 1.8 :1 to 2.3: 1, for example a 2: 1 ratio of oxygen cooler temperature and /or may run cleaner. to hydrogen and the apparatus, system , or method may be Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara- 50 capable of delivering a gas mixture having an oxygen to tus, methods, or systemsto produce an oxygen - hydrogen gas hydrogen ratio of less than 2 :1 , for example an oxygen to mixture, such as an oxygen -rich , oxygen - hydrogen gas hydrogen ratio of 1.8 :1 or less, 1.7 : 1 or less, 1.5 : 1 or less, mixture, or a hydrogen - rich oxygen -hydrogen gas mixture . 1.3: 1 or less . In certain embodiments, for example , the In certain embodiments , one or more than one (including for apparatus, system , or method may be capable of delivering instance all) of the following embodiments of the system or 55 a gas mixture having an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of less apparatus may comprise each of the other embodiments or than 3.5 : 1, less than 3 : 1, less than 2.75: 1, less than 2.5 : 1 parts thereof. In certain embodiments , for example , the gas oxygen to hydrogen .

mixture may be a low temperature plasma. In certain Certain embodiments may provide , for example, appara embodiments, for example, the plasma may be a cleaner tus, methods, or systems to more reliably controlled gas plasma than that produced by other systems and /or methods. 60 mixture generation process . In certain embodiments , for In certain embodiments, for example, the plasmamay be an example , the current provided for gas generation may be oxygen rich plasma. In certain embodiments, for example, continually or continuously regulated or controlled , for the gas mixture may be an oxygen -rich or a hydrogen -rich example , in real time (or substantially real time), so a gas mixture . In certain embodiments, for example , the gas predetermined quantity of gas is consistently produced . mixture may comprise at least one or more of the following : 65 Certain embodiments may provide, for example , appara aqueous electrolyte solution electrolysis components : mona tus, methods, or systems to utilize a substantially closed tomic oxygen , diatomic oxygen , monatomic hydrogen , loop method of electrolysis that recycles a water-reagent (or

Page 67

water-electrolyte or aqueous electrolyte solution electrolysis engine during operation of the internal combustion engine . component) mixture in an effort to reduce its consumption . In certain embodiments , for example , a method may com Certain embodiments may provide, for example , appara prise: generating a gas mixture for use within the internal tus, methods, or systems capable of altering combustion ( for combustion engine , and providing the gas mixture to the example diesel combustion ) chemistry to reduce particulate 5 internal combustion engine during operation of the internal formation . In certain embodiments , for example, the meth combustion engine. In certain embodiments , for example , ods may be capable of achieving a reduction in particulate the gas mixture may be generated in substantially real time relative to the consumption of the gas mixture . In certain formation from an internal combustion engine of greater embodiments than 5 % , for example greater than 10 % , greater than 15 % , ated onboard , the for example , the gas mixture may be gener greater than 20 % , greater than 25 % , greater than 30 % , 10 combustion enginevehicle

during operation of the internal greater than 35 % , greater than 40 % , greater than 50 % , greater than 60 % , greater than 75 % , greater than 80 % , tusCertain embodiments may provide, for example, appara greater than 90 % , greater than 95 % or close to 100 % . In partially filled, orwithsystems , methods

wherein a tank may be at least aqueous electrolyte solution consist certain embodiments, for example , the concentration of an ing essentially of water and a predetermined quantity of oxidizer in an internal combustion engine may be increased . 15 electrolyte (reagent). In certain embodiments , for example , In certain embodiments, for example , the increase in the the apparatus,methods, or systemsmay perform electrolysis amount of oxidizersmay be at least 5 % , for example at least of the aqueous electrolyte solution within a cell ( i.e. , an 10 % , at least 15 % , at least 20 % , at least 25 % , at least 30 % , electrolytic cell ) configured for aiding in the electrolysis of at least 35 % , at least 40 % , at least 45 % , or at least 50 % . In the aqueous electrolyte solution . certain embodiments, for example , the increase in the 20 amount of oxidizers may be in the range of between 5-50 % , EXAMPLES such as between 5-25 % ,between 10-20 % ,between 10-40 % , Example 1

between 25-50 % , between 30-40 % , between 40-50 % , A series of electrolysis cells were studied with different between 35-45 % , or between 40-50 % . 25

Certain embodiments may provide, for example , appara plates and in . In one cell, uncoated stainless steel plates were used a second cell platinum - coated stainless steel plates tus, methods, or systems to distribute the oxidizer for more were used . The electrolyte concentration , of potassium car even air / fuel mixture .

Certain embodiments may provide , for example , appara bonate in water, was adjusted in the cell with uncoated plates such that the currentdraw was essentially identical. All other tus ,methods , or systems to generate a gas mixture that is an 30 conditions were essentially identical. The following table accelerant to speed combustion and /or increase combustion reports the results.

completion .

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara TABLE 1 tus, methods, or systems to displace air with oxygen and/or hydrogen within the engine's intake system . 35 Performance

Certain embodiments may provide, for example, appara Feature Uncoated versus Coated Plates tus , methods, or systems to create a shorter combustion Electrolyte Uncoated plates required approximately 3 times greater process that lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing Concentration concentration .

the formation of nitrogen oxides . HHO Gas Uncoated plates produced approximately 50 % less HHO Certain embodiments may provide , for example, appara- 40 Production Current gas .

After 4 hours of testing , the cells with uncoated plates tus, methods, or systems to generate an optimized or par Draw had a noticeably lower electrolyte level resulting in lower tially optimized quantity of a gas mixture , such as a gas current draw . mixture having one or more aqueous electrolyte solution Experimental Note: Iridium -coated plates performed similar to platinum coated plates electrolysis components , into the engine's intake for improved combustion . In certain embodiments , for example , 45 the apparatus, methods, or systems may be capable of Example 2 producing in the range of between 1-7.5 liters of gas per minute , such as 1.2, 1.7 , 2.0 , 2.9 , 3.5 , 5.0 , or 7.0 liters of gas A series of electrolysis cells were studied with different per minute, and /or produce in the range of between 0.08 plates. In a first cell , 7 platinum coated stainless steel plates 0.75 liters of gas per minute per liter of engine displacement, 50 were used and in a second cell 5 platinum coated stainless such as 0.1 , 0.12 , 0.17,0.20 , 0.25 , 0.29 , 0.3 , 0.32 , 0.35 , 0.4 , steel plates were used . The current draw was kept essentially 0.45 , 0.50 , 0.6 , or 0.70 liters of gas per minute per liter of the same for both cells during the test procedure , by adjust engine displacement. In certain embodiments, for example, ing the concentration of the electrolyte in the 7 -plate cell to the apparatus, methods, or systems may be capable of almost twice the concentration of the 5 -plate cell. All other producing in the range of between 0.25-3 liters of gas per 55 conditions were essentially identical. The following table minute , such as between 0.25-2.5 , between 0.25-2 , between reports the results.

0.25-1.5 , between 0.25-1, between 0.25-0.50 , between 0.50 TABLE 2

between 1-2 , between 1-3 , between 1-1.5 , between 1.25 Performance Feature 5 Plates Versus 7 Plates 1.75 , between 1.5-2 , between 2-2.5 , between 2.5-3 liters of 60 gas per minute . HHO Gas Production 5 plates produced 20-25 % more HHO gas. Certain embodiments may provide, for example , appara tus,methods, or systems to reduce the particulate emissions of an internal combustion engine . In certain embodiments, Example 3 for example, a method may comprise the steps of generating 65 a gas mixture for use within the internal combustion engine A series of experiments was conducted with and without and providing the gas mixture to the internal combustion HHO gas injection . In the experimental setup , a vehicle

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powered by a PACCAR MX -13 diesel engine underwent system , article ,material, and / or method described herein . In snap acceleration from 0 to 80 mph in a chassis dynamom addition , any combination of two or more such features, eter test cell and exhaust emissions measured . Results are systems, articles ,materials, and /or methods , if such features, recorded in Table 3 . systems, articles, materials , and /or methods are notmutually 5 inconsistent, is included within the scope of the present

The indefinite articles " a " and " an ,” as used herein in the

Emissions Reduction (results in PPM ) when HHO Gas Injected Into specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to PACCAR MX - 13 Diesel Engine. the contrary, should be understood to mean “ at least one." Exhaust Component With HHO Injection Without HHO Injection 10 The phrase “ and /or," as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “both or

either or in a series having more than two elements all or a

CO 0 0

CO2 7.6 8.8 subset of all elements or just one of the elements” Thus, as HC 0 0 a non -limiting example , a reference to “ A , B and /or C ,” is 02 8.9 8.6 15 understood to include A , B and C , A and B , A and C , B and C , and A or B or C. As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase " at least one,” in reference to a list

Example 4 of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the

A series of experiments was conducted with and without 20 atelements in the list of elements, but notnecessarily including least one of each and every element specifically listed

HHO gas injection . In the experimental setup , a vehicle within the list of elements and not excluding any combina powered by a PACCAR MX - 13 diesel engine was run at a tions of elements in the list of elements . This definition also steady state speed of 60 mph for minutes in a chassis allows that elements may optionally be present other than dynamometer test cell , and fuel economy and exhaust emis 25 the elements specifically identified within the list of ele sionsmeasured. The experimentwas repeated without HHO ments to which the phrase “ at least one” refers , whether gas injection . Results are recorded in Table 4 . related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified .

TABLE 4

Thus, as a non -limiting example, “ at least one of A and B ” (or, equivalently , “ at least one of A or B ,” or, equivalently “ at

Increased Fuel Economy and Emissions Reduction (results in PPM ) when 30 least one of A and /or B ” ) can refer, in one embodiment, to HHO Gas Injected Into PACCAR MX - 13 Diesel Engine. at least one, optionally including more than one, A , with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B ) ;

With HHO Injection Without HHO Injection in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including Fuel Economy (GPH ) 6.46 7.73 more than one, B , with no A present and optionally includ NOx 5 118 35 ing elements other than A ); in yet another embodiment, to at

least one, optionally including more than one , A , and at least

HC 0 one , optionally including more than one, B (and optionally 02 14.5 14.2 including other elements ); etc. In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all 40 transitional

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this rying," " having phrases such as “ comprising ," “ including,” “ car ," " containing," “ involving," " holding," and specification are herein incorporated by reference to the the like are to be understood to be open - ended , i.e., to mean me extent as if each individual publication or patent including but not limited to . Only the transitional phrases application was specifically and individually indicated to be " consisting of” and “ consisting essentially of" shall be incorporated by reference . 45 closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as While several embodiments of the present invention have set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent been described and illustrated herein , those of ordinary skill Examining Procedures , Section 2111.03. in the art will readily envision a variety of other means The features disclosed in this specification ( including and /or structures for performing the functions and/or obtain accompanying claims, abstract, and drawings ) may be ing the results and /or one or more of the advantages 50 replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent described herein , and each of such variations and /or modi or similar purpose , unless expressly stated otherwise. Thus, fications is deemed to be within the scope of the present unless expressly stated otherwise , each feature disclosed is invention . More generally, those skilled in the art will one example of a generic series of equivalent or similar readily appreciate that all parameters , dimensions, materials , features.

and configurations described herein are meant to be exem- 55 The subject headings used in the detailed description are plary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, included for the ease of reference of the reader and should and /or configurations will depend upon the specific appli not be used to limit the subject matter found throughout the cation or applications for which the teachings of the present disclosure or the claims. The subject headings should not be invention is /are used . Those skilled in the art will recognize , used in construing the scope of the claims or the claim or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experi- 60 limitations.

mentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments The disclosure has been described with reference to the invention described herein . It is, therefore , to be under particular embodiments . However , it will be readily appar stood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way ent to those skilled in the art that it is possible to embody the of example only and that, within the scope of the appended disclosure in specific forms other than those of the embodi claims and equivalents thereto, the invention may be prac- 65 ments described above . The embodiments are merely illus ticed otherwise than as specifically described and claimed . trative and should not be considered restrictive . The scope of The present invention is directed to each individual feature , the disclosure is given by the appended claims, rather than

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the preceding description , and all variations and equivalents 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the controlling com that fall within the range of the claims are intended to be prises passing HHO gas from a gas outlet of the onboard embraced therein . electrolysis unit to a heat exchanger . What is claimed is : 10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the exhaust gas 1. A method for providing HHO gas to an internal 5 stream is passed through the heat exchanger.

combustion engine , comprising : 11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heat is exchanged i) controlling a delivery temperature of the HHO gas by in a shell and tube heat exchanger .

exchanging heat between the HHO gas and an exhaust 12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the HHO gas passes gas stream of the internal combustion engine ; and ii ) delivering the HHO gas at the delivery temperature to 10 gas streama tubepasses through portion of the heat exchanger and the exhaust through a shell portion of the heat at least one combustion chamber of the internal com exchanger .

bustion engine, 13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the tube portion wherein the HHO gas is produced by an electrolysis unit, comprises a single straight tube . and at least a portion of the HHO gas is combusted with a 14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the HHO gas has a hydrocarbon fuel in the at least one combustion chamber, 15 wherein HHO gas is introduced to a first combustion cham pressure drop of less than 0.05 psi in the heat exchanger. 15. A method for providing HHO gas to an internal ber of the at least one combustion chamber only during a combustion engine, comprising: portion of an intake stroke of a first combustion cylinder, the i ) controlling a delivery temperature of the HHO gas by first combustion cylinder comprising the first combustion exchanging heat between the HHO gas and an exhaust chamber, 20 wherein the portion of the intake stroke is less than 50 % of gas stream of the internal combustion engine ; and the intake stroke . ii ) delivering a first portion of the HHO gas at the delivery 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the controlling com temperature to a first combustion chamber of the inter prises reducing a temperature of the exhaust gas stream by nal combustion engine, a second portion of the HHO at least 30 ° F. 25 gas at the delivery temperature to a second combustion 3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the controlling chamber of the internal combustion engine, and at least increases the delivery temperature of the HHO gas stream by a third portion of the HHO gas at the delivery tem at least 150 ° F. perature to at least a third combustion chamber of the 4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the delivery tempera wherein internal combustion engine, ture is controlled based on a predetermined set point. 30 the HHO gas is produced by an electrolysis unit , 5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the HHO gas stream and the first portion of the HHO gas is combusted with a is delivered to the at least one combustion chamber at the hydrocarbon fuel in the first combustion chamber, delivery temperature and a pressure to provide a predeter wherein HHO gas is introduced to the first combustion chamber only during a portion of an intake stroke of a first mined amount of HHO gas to the at least one combustion combustion cylinder, the first combustion cylinder compris chamber . 35 ing the first combustion chamber, 6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the during a portion of wherein an intake stroke is when the intake stroke is at an angle in the intakethestroke portion of the intake stroke is less than 50 % of

the range of 0-40 ° from top -dead -center. 16. The method of claim 15 , wherein a further portion of 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: powering a vehicle with the internal combustion engine . 40 the HHO gas is delivered to a diesel particulate filter 8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the electrolysis unit is regenerator system .

an onboard electrolysis unit.