Apparatus for producing orthohydrogen and/or parahydrogen

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TIME

SPACE :

VOLTAGE

AMPLTUDE

MARK

SQUARE WAVE WITH 1:1 MARK-SPACE RATIO

FIG. 4d

-- TIME

: SPACE

AVERAGE PULSE t VOLTAGE AMPLTUDE - - - - 7 - - - - - - - - AMPTUDE

SAWTOOTH WAVE WITH 1:1 MARK SPACE RATIO

A SAWTOOTH WAVE WILL ONLY REACH PEAK VOLTAGE

AT THE END OF THE PULSE DURATION

FIG. 4b

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APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING It is another object of the present invention for the cell to ORTHOHYDROGEN AND/OR produce bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen which do not PARAHYDROGEN bunch around or on the electrodes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is also an object of the present invention for the cell to properly operate without a chemical catalyst. Thus, the cell 1. Field of the Invention can run merely on tap water. Moreover, the additional costs The present invention relates to an apparatus for produc asSociated with the chemical catalyst can be avoided. ing orthohydrogen and parahydrogen. It is another object of the present invention for the cell to 2. Description of Related Art 1O be Self-pressurizing. Thus, no additional pump is needed.

Conventional electrolysis cells are capable of producing It is another object of the present invention to provide a hydrogen and oxygen from water. These conventional cells material cell having electrodes made of the same material. This generally include two electrodes arranged within the cell construction can be stainless Steel, for example. Thus, the which apply energy to the water to thereby produce hydro costs of the cell can be simplified and corresponding reduced.

gen and oxygen. The two electrodes are conventionally 15 made of two different materials. It is another object of the present invention to provide a However, the hydrogen and oxygen generated in the drogen cell which is capable of producing orthohydrogen, parahy conventional cells are generally produced in an inefficient any relative or a mixture thereof and can be controlled to produce manner. That is, a large amount of electrical power is desired by theamount user.

of orthohydrogen and parahydrogen required to be applied to the electrodes in order to produce the hydrogen and oxygen. Moreover, a chemical catalyst It is another object of the invention to couple the gaseous Such as Sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide must be output of the cell to a device, Such as an internal combustion added to the water to Separate hydrogen or oxygen bubbles engine, So that the device may be powered from the gas from the electrodes. Also, the produced gas must often be Supplied thereto.

transported to a pressurized container for Storage, because 25 These and other objects, features, and characteristics of conventional cells produce the gases slowly. Also, conven the present invention will be more apparent upon consider tional cells tend to heat up, creating a variety of problems, ation of the following detailed description and appended including boiling of the water. Also, conventional cells tend claims with reference to the accompanying drawings, to form gas bubbles on the electrodes which act as electrical wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding insulators and reduce the function of the cell. parts in the various figures.

Accordingly, it is extremely desirable to produce a large Accordingly, the present invention includes a container amount of hydrogen and oxygen with only a modest amount for holding water. At least one pair of closely-spaced elec of input power. Furthermore, it is desirable to produce the trodes are positioned within the container and Submerged hydrogen and oxygen with “regular tap water and without 35 under the water. A first power Supply provides a particular any additional chemical catalyst, and to operate the cell pulsed signal to the electrodes. A coil is also arranged in the without the need for an additional pump to preSSurize it. It container and Submerged under the water. A Second power would also be desirable to construct the electrodes using the Supply provides a particular pulsed signal through a Switch Same material. Also, it is desirable to produce the gases to the electrodes.

quickly, and without heat, and without bubbles on the 40 When only the electrodes receive a pulsed Signal, then electrodes. orthohydrogen can be produced. When both the electrodes Orthohydrogen and parahydrogen are two different iso and coil receive pulsed signals, then parahydrogen or a mers of hydrogen. Orthohydrogen is that State of hydrogen mixture of parahydrogen and orthohydrogen can be pro molecules in which the Spins of the two nuclei are parallel. duced. The container is Self pressurized and the water within Parahydrogen is that State of hydrogen molecules in which 45 the container requires no chemical catalyst to efficiently the spins of the two nuclei are antiparallel. The different produce the orthohydrogen and/or parahydrogen. characteristics of orthohydrogen and parahydrogen lead to different physical properties. For example, orthohydrogen is BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS highly combustible whereas parahydrogen is a slower burn ing form of hydrogen. Thus, Orthohydrogen and parahydro 50 genFIG. 1 is a side view of a cell for producing orthohydro including a pair of electrodes according to a first gen can be used for different applications. Conventional embodiment of the present invention; electrolytic cells make only orthohydrogen and parahydro gen. Parahydrogen, conventionally, is difficult and expen FIG. 2 is a side view of a cell for producing orthohydro Sive to make. gen including two pairs of electrodes according to a Second Accordingly, it is desirable to produce cheaply orthohy 55 embodiment of the present invention;

drogen and/or parahydrogen using a cell and to be able to FIG. 3 is a side view of a cell for producing orthohydro control the amount of either produced by the cell. It is also gen including a pair of cylindrical-shaped electrodes accord desirable to direct the produced orthohydrogen or parahy ing to a third embodiment of the present invention; drogen to a coupled machine in order to provide a Source of FIG. 4a is a diagram illustrating a Square wave pulsed energy for the Same. 60 signal which can be produced by the circuit of FIG. 5 and applied to the electrodes of FIGS. 1-3;

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION FIG. 4b is a diagram illustrating a Saw tooth wave pulsed It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide signal which can be produced by the circuit of FIG. 5 and a cell having electrodes and containing water which pro applied to the electrodes of FIGS. 1-3;

duces a large amount of hydrogen and oxygen in a relatively 65 FIG. 4c is a diagram illustrating a triangular wave pulsed Small amount of time, and with a modest amount of input signal which can be produced by the circuit of FIG. 5 and power, and without generating heat. applied to the electrodes of FIGS. 1-3;

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FIG. 5 is an electronic circuit diagram illustrating a power a water purification unit, a hydrogen/oxygen jet, or other supply which is connected to the electrodes of FIGS. 1-3; device using the gases. With an adequately productive FIG. 6 is a side view of a cell for producing at least example of the present invention, any Such device 120 using parahydrogen including a coil and a pair of electrodes the output gases can be run continuously without the need according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention; for Storing dangerous hydrogen and oxygen gases. FIG. 7 is a side view of a cell for producing at least tionFIG.which 2 shows a second embodiment of the present inven includes more than one pair of electrodes parahydrogen including a coil and two pairs of electrodes 205a-d. The spacing between the electrodes is less than 5 according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention; mm as in the embodiment of FIG. 1. While FIG. 2 shows FIG. 8 is a side view of a cell for producing at least only one additional pair of electrodes, it is possible to parahydrogen including a coil and a pair of cylindrical include many more pairs (e.g.,as many as 40 pairs of shaped electrodes according to a Sixth embodiment of the electrodes) within the cell. The rest of the cell illustrated in present invention; and FIG. 2 remains the same as that illustrated in FIG. 1. The FIG. 9 is an electronic circuit diagram illustrating a power multiple electrodes are preferably flat plates closely spaced, Supply which is connected to the coil and electrodes of 15 parallel to each other.

FIG. 3 illustrates a cell having a cylindrically shaped

electrodes 305a, 305b. The outer electrode 305b Surrounds

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE the coaxially aligned inner electrode 305a. The equal Spac PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS ing of the electrodes 305a, 305b is less than 5 mm and the FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of the present invention interactive Zone is coaxially arranged between the two including a cell for producing hydrogen and oxygen. AS will electrodes 305a, 305b. While FIG. 3 illustrates the top be discussed below in conjunction with FIGS. 6-8, portion of the container 111 being formed by a plastic cap the production of parahydrogen requires an additional coil 301, it will be appreciated to those skill in the art that the cap 301 may be used in the embodiments of FIGS. 1-2 and the not shown in FIG. 1. Thus, the hydrogen produced by the embodiment of FIG. 3 can utilize the same container 111 first embodiment of FIG. 1 is orthohydrogen. 25 illustrated in FIGS. 1-2. As suggested by FIG. 3, the

The cell includes a closed container 111 which is closed electrodes can be almost any shape Such as flat plates, rods, at its bottom portion by threaded plastic base 113 and screw tubes or coaxial cylinders.

thread base 109. The container 111 can be made of, for The electrodes 105a, 105b of FIG. 1 (or electrodes example, plexiglass and have an exemplary height of 43 cm 205a–d of FIG. 2 or electrodes 305a, 305b of FIG. 3) are and an exemplary width of 9 cm. The container 111 holds tap respectively connected to power Supply terminals 108a, water 110 therein.

108b so that they can receive a pulsed electrical signal from

The cell further includes a pressure gauge 103 to measure a power Supply. The pulsed Signal can be almost any the pressure within the container 111. An outlet valve 102 is waveform and have a variable current level, Voltage level, connected to the top of the container 111 to permit any gas frequency and mark-space ratio (i.e., a ratio of the duration within the container 111 to escape into an output tube 101. 35 of a single pulse to the interval between two Successive The cell also includes a pop valve 106 connected to a base pulses). For example, the power Supply providing power to 113. The pop valve 106 provides a safety function by the electrodes can be a mains 110 volts to a 12 volt supply automatically releasing the pressure within the container Ill or a car battery.

if the pressure exceeds a predetermined threshold. For 40 FIG. 4a, FIG. 4b and FIG. 4c illustrate a square wave, a example, the pop valve 106 may be set so that it will open saw tooth wave and a triangular wave, respectively which if the pressure in the container exceeds 75 p.S.i. Since the can be applied to the electrodes 105a, 105b (or 205a-d or container 111 is built to withstand a pressure of about 200 305a, 305b) in accordance with the present invention. Each p.s. i., the cell is provided with a large Safety margin. of the waveforms illustrated in FIGS. 4a–4c has a 1:1 A pair of electrodes 105a, 105b are arranged within the 45 mark-space ratio. As shown in FIG. 4b, the saw tooth wave container 111. The electrodes 105a, 105b are submerged will only reach a peak voltage at the end of the pulse under the top level of the water 110 and define an interaction duration. AS shown in FIG. 4c, the triangular wave has a low Zone 112 therebetween. The electrodes 105a, 105b are peak voltage. It has been found that optimal results for preferably made of the same material, Such as StainleSS Steel. producing hydrogen and oxygen in the present invention are In order to produce an optimal amount of hydrogen and 50 obtained using a Square wave.

oxygen, an equal spacing between the electrodes 105a, 105b After initiation of the pulsed signal from the power must be maintained. Moreover, it is preferable to minimize supply, the electrodes 105a, 105b continuously and almost the spacing between the electrodes 105a, 105b. However, instantaneously generate hydrogen and oxygen bubbles the spacing between the electrodes 105a, 105 cannot be from the water 110 in the interaction Zone 112. Moreover, positioned excessively close because arcing between the 55 the bubbles can be generated with only minimal heating of electrodes 105a, 105b would occur. It has been determined the water 110 or any other part of the cell. These bubbles rise that a Spacing of 1 mm is optimal spacing for producing through the water 110 and collect in the upper portion of the hydrogen and oxygen. Spacing up to 5 mm can work container 111.

effectively, but Spacing above 5 mm has not worked well, The generated bubbles are not bunched around or on the except with excessive power. 60 electrodes 105a, 105b and thus readily float to the surface of Hydrogen and oxygen gas outputted through output tube the water 110. Therefore, there is no need to add a chemical 101 can be transmitted by tube 101 to a device 120 using catalyst to assist the conduction of the Solution or reduce the those gases, for example an internal combustion engine, bubble bunching around or on the electrodes 105a, 105b. Such as shown in FIG. 1. Instead of an internal combustion Thus, only tap water is needed for generation of the hydro engine, device 120 may be any device using hydrogen and 65 gen and oxygen in the present invention. OXygen, including a reciprocating piston engine, a gas The gases produced within the container are Self turbine engine, a Stove, a heater, a furnace, a distillation unit, pressurizing (i.e.,pressure builds in the container by the

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S 6 production of gas, without an air pump). Thus, no additional train is provided to the base of transistor TR1 through pump is needed to be coupled to the container 111 and the resistor R2. Transistor TR1 operates as an invert Switch. produced gases do no need to be transported into a pressur Thus, when the astable circuit produces an output pulse, the ized container. base voltage of the transistor TR1 goes high (i.e.,close to The power Supply in the present invention is required to Vcc or logic 1). Hence, the voltage level of the collector of provide a pulsed signal having only 12 volts at 300 ma (3.6 transistor TR1 goes low (i.e.,close to ground or logic 0). watts). It has been found that an optimal amount of hydrogen Transistor TR2 also operates as an inverter. When the and oxygen has been produced when the pulsed signal has collector Voltage of transistor TR1 goes low, the base mark-space ratio of 10:1 and a frequency of 10–250 KHZ. voltage of transistor TR2 also goes low and transistor TR2 Using these parameters, the prototype cell of the present turns off. Hence, the collector voltage of transistor TR2 and invention is capable of producing gas at the rate of 1 p.S.i. the base voltage of Transistor TR3 go high. Therefore, the per minute. Accordingly, the cell of the present invention is transistor TR3 turns on in accordance with the mark-space capable of producing hydrogen and oxygen in a highly ratio set forth by the astable circuit. When the transistor TR3 efficient manner, quickly and with low power requirements. is on, one electrode of the cell is connected to Vcc and the AS noted above, the hydrogen produced by the embodi other is connected to ground through transistor TR3. Thus, ments of FIGS. 1-3 is orthohydrogen. As is well understood 15 the transistor TR3 can be turned on (and off) and therefore by those skilled in the art, orthohydrogen is highly combus the transistor TR3 effectively serves as a power Switch for tible. Therefore, any Orthohydrogen produced can be trans the electrodes of the cell.

ported from the container 111 through valve 102 and outlet FIGS. 6-8 illustrate additional embodiments of the cell tube 101 to be used by a device such as an internal which are similar to the embodiments of FIGS. 1-3, respec combustion engine.

The present invention, with Sufficient electrodes, can tively. However, each of embodiments of FIGS. 6-8 further generate hydrogen and oxygen fast enough to feed the gases includes a coil 104 arranged above the electrodes and power directly into an internal combustion engine or turbine supply terminals 107 connected to the coil 104. The dimen engine, and run the engine continuously without accumula sions of the coil 104 can be, for example, 5x7 cm and have, for example, 1500 turns. The coil 104 is submerged under tion and Storage of the gases. Hence, this provides for the 25 the first time a hydrogen/oxygen driven engine that is Safe Surface of the water 110.

because it requires no Storage of hydrogen or oxygen gas. The embodiments of FIGS. 6-8 further include an FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary power supply for provid optional Switch 121 which can be switched on or off by the ing D.C. pulsed signals such as those illustrated in FIGS. user. When the Switch 121 is not closed, then the cell forms 4a–4c to the electrodes illustrated in FIGS. 1-3. AS will be basically the same structure as FIGS. 1-3 and thus can be readily understood by those skilled in the art, any other operated in the same manner described in FIGS. 1-3 to power Supply which is capable of providing the pulsed produce orthohydrogen and oxygen. When the Switch 121 is Signals discussed above can be Substituted therefor. closed, the additional coil 104 makes the cell capable of The power supply illustrated in FIG. 5 includes the producingmixture of oxygen and either (1) parahydrogen or (2) a parahydrogen and orthohydrogen.

following parts and their exemplary components or values: 35

When the Switch 121 is closed (or not included), the coil 104 is connected through terminals 106 and the Switch 121 (or directly connected only through terminals 106) to a

Astable circuit NE555 or equivalent logic circuit power Supply So that the coil 104 can a receive a pulsed

40 Signal. AS will be discussed below, this power Supply can be

Resistor R3 1OK formed by the circuit illustrated in FIG. 9. Resistor R4 1OK When the coil 104 and the electrodes 105a, 105b receive Resistor R5

Resistor R6

pulses, it is possible to produce bubbles of parahydrogen or

Transistor TR1 2N3904 a mixture of parahydrogen and orthohydrogen. The bubbles Transistor TR2 2N3904 45 are formed and float to the Surface of the water 110 as Transistor TR3 2N.3055 or any high speed, high discussed in FIGS. 1-3. When the coil is pulsed with a current silicon switch higher current, a greater amount of parahydrogen is pro Capacitors (not shown) Vcc by-pass capacitors as required. duced. Moreover, by varying the voltage of the coil 104, a greater/lesser percentage of orthohydrogen/parahydrogen 50 can be produced. Thus, by controlling the Voltage level,

The astable circuit is connected to the base of transistor current level and frequency (discussed below) provided to TR1 through resistor R2. The collector of transistor TR1 is the coil 104 (and the parameters Such as Voltage level, connected to Voltage Supply Vcc through resistor R5 and the current level, frequency, mark-space ratio and waveform base of transistor TR2 through resistor R3. The collector of provided to the electrodes 105a, 105b as discussed above) transistor TR2 is connected to Voltage Supply Vcc through 55 the composition of the gas produced by the cell can be resistor R6 and the base of transistor TR3 through resistor controlled. For example, it is possible to produce only R4. The collector of transistor TR3 is connect to one of the oxygen and Orthohydrogen by Simply disconnecting the coil electrodes of the cell and diode D2. The emitters of tran 104. It is also possible to produce only oxygen and parahy sistors TR1, TR2, TR3 are connected to ground. Resistors drogen by providing the appropriate pulsed signals to the R5 and R6 serve as collector loads for transistors TR1 and 60 coil 104 and the electrodes 105a, 105b. All of the benefits TR2, respectively. The cell serves as the collector load for and results discussed in connection with the embodiments of transistor TR3. Resistors R2, R3 and R4 serve to respec FIGS. 1-3 are equally derived from the embodiments of tively ensure that transistors TR1, TR2 and TR3 are satu FIGS. 6-8. For example, the cells of FIGS. 6-8 are self rated. The diode D2 protects the rest of the circuit from any preSSurizing, require no-chemical catalyst, do not greatly induced back emf within the cell. 65 heat the water 110 or cell, and produce a large amount of The astable circuit is used to generate a pulse train at a hydrogen and oxygen gases from a modest amount of input Specific time and with a Specific mark-space ratio. This pulse power, without bubbles on the electrodes.

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A considerable amount of time must pass before the next AS indicated above, it is not required that the circuit pulse provides current to the coil 104. Hence, the frequency (divider, monostable circuit, R1, TR4 and D1) providing the of the pulsed signal is much lower than that provided to the pulsed signal to the coil be connected to the circuit (astable electrodes 105a, 105b. Accordingly, with the type of coil circuit, R2-R6, TR1-TR3, D2) providing the pulsed signal 104 having the dimensions described above, the frequency to the electrodes. However, connecting the circuits in this of pulsed signals can be as high as 30 HZ, but is preferably manner will provide an easy way to initiate the pulsed signal 17-22 Hz to obtain optimal results. to the coil.

Parahydrogen is not as highly combustible as orthohy A working prototype of the present invention has been drogen and hence is a slower burning form of hydrogen. Successfully built and operated with the exemplary and Thus, if parahydrogen is produced by the cell, the parahy optimal parameters indicated above to generate drogen can be coupled to a Suitable device Such as a cooker orthohydrogen, parahydrogen and oxygen from water. The or a furnace to provide a Source of power or heat with a output gas from the prototype has been connected by a tube slower flame. to the manifold inlet of a Small one cylinder gasoline engine, FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary power supply for provid with the carburetor removed, and has thus Successfully run ing D.C. pulsed signals such as those illustrated in FIGS. Such engine without any gasoline.

4a–4c to the electrodes illustrated in FIGS. 6-8. 15 Additional advantages and modifications will readily Additionally, the power Supply can provide another pulsed occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the present signal to the coil. As will be readily understood by those invention is not limited to the Specific details and represen skilled in the art, any other power Supply which is capable tative devices shown and described herein. Accordingly, of providing the pulsed signals discussed above to the various modifications may be made without departing from electrodes of the cell and the coil can be substituted therefor. the Spirit or Scope of the invention as defined by the Alternatively, the pulsed signals provided to the electrodes appended claims.

and the coil can be provided by two Separate power Supplies. What is claimed is:

The portion of the power supply (astable circuit, R2-R6, 1. An apparatus comprising:

TR1-TR3, D2) providing a pulsed signal to the electrodes of 25 a. a container for holding a fluid Solution including water; the cell is identical to that illustrated in FIG. 5. The power b. a pair of electrodes arranged within Said container, Said supply illustrated in FIG. 9 further includes the following electrodes being Spaced apart from each other by 1 mm; parts and their respective exemplary values: . a coil arranged within Said container; d. a first power Supply coupled to Said electrodes for providing a first pulsed Signal to one of Said electrodes

Divide by N counter 4018 BPC or equivalent logic circuit Said pulsed signal having a mark-space ratio Substan Monostable circuit NE 554 or equivalent logic circuit tially equal to 10:1 and a frequency from 10 to 250

Transistor TR4 2N3055 or any high speed high current KHZ, and silicon switch e. a Second power Supply Switchably coupled to Said coil

Diode D1 1N4OOf. for providing a Second pulsed signal to Said coil, Said Second pulsed signal having a frequency of about 19

The input of the divide by N counter (hereinafter “the HZ;

divider”) is connected to the collector of transistor TR1. The f. wherein Said electrodes are adapted for Submersion in output of the divider is connected to the monostable circuit 40 said fluid Solution;

and the output of the monostable circuit is connected to the g. Said coil is disposed above Said electrodes; base of transistor TR4 through resistor R1. The collector of h. Said first pulsed signal from Said first power Supply has the transistor TR4 is connected to one end of the coil and a a voltage of 12 volts and a current of 300 ma; diode D1. The other end of the coil and the diode D1 is connected to the Voltage Supply Vcc. The resistor Riensures 45 i. Said first pulsed signal has a Square-wave waveform; that TR4 is fully saturated. The diode D2 prevents any j. One of Said pair of electrodes forms an inner cylinder induced back emf generated within the coil from damaging and the other of Said pair of electrodes forms an outer the rest of the circuit. As illustrated in FIGS. 6-8, a Switch cylinder Surrounding Said inner cylinder, 121 can also incorporated into the circuit to allow the user k. both of Said electrodes are made of the same material; to Switch between (1) a cell which produces orthohydrogen 50 1. Said fluid Solution does not include a chemical catalyst; and oxygen, and (2) a cell which produces at least parahy m. Said container includes a preSSure relief valve which drogen and oxygen. opens if the pressure within Said container exceeds a The high/low Switching of the collector voltage of the predetermined threshold;

transistor TR1 provides a pulsed signal to the divider. The n. Said container includes an outlet port for transporting divider divides this pulsed signal by N (where N is a positive 55 preSSurized gas contents of Said container to a device integer) to produce an pulsed output signal. This output from the group consisting of: Signal is used to trigger the monostable circuit. The an internal combustion engine; monostable circuit restores the pulse length So that it has a a reciprocating piston engine; Suitable timing. The output signal from the monostable a gas turbine engine;

circuit is provided to the base of the transistor TR4 through 60 a Stove, resistor R1 to Switch the transistor TR4 on/off. When the transistor TR4 is switched on, the coil is placed between Vcc a heater;

and ground. When the transistor TR4 is switched off, the coil a furnace, is disconnected from the rest of the circuit. AS discussed in a distillation unit;

conjunction with FIGS. 6-8, the frequency of pulse signal a water purification unit; and provided to the coil is switched at a rate preferably between 65 a hydrogen/oxygen flame jet; and 17-22 Hz; i.e.,much lower than the frequency of the pulsed O. a voltage level of Said Second pulsed signal applied to Signal provided to the electrodes. Said coil is variable.

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2. An apparatus comprising: 17. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein Said apparatus is a. a container for holding a fluid Solution including water; adapted to produce hydrogen and oxygen from a fluid b. a pair of electrodes arranged within Said container, Said Solution in response to Said pulsed signal and Said container electrodes being Spaced apart from each other by 5 mm 5 includes an output port for outputting Said hydrogen and oxygen, and further comprising:

or less, and c. a power Supply coupled to Said electrodes for providing a device including an input port connected to Said output a pulsed Signal to one of Said electrodes, Said pulsed port for receiving Said hydrogen and oxygen, Said Signal having a mark-space ratio Substantially equal to device Selected from the group consisting of: 10:1 and a frequency of from 10 to 250 KHZ; 1O a. an internal combustion engine; b. a reciprocating piston engine;

d. wherein Said electrodes are adapted for Submersion in c. a gas turbine engine;

said fluid Solution.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein Said pulsed signal d. a Stove;

from Said power Supply has a Voltage of 12 volts and a 15 e. a heater;

current of 300 ma. f. a furnace, 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein pulsed Signal has a g. a distillation unit;

Square-wave waveform. h. a water purification unit; and i. a hydrogen/oxygen flame jet.

5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein both of said pair of 18. An apparatus comprising:

electrodes form a flat plate.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, further comprising at least a. a container for holding a fluid Solution including water; one additional pair of electrodes coupled to Said power b. a pair of electrodes arranged within Said container; Supply, wherein each electrode of Said additional pair of c. a coil arranged within Said container; electrodes forms a flat plate. d. a first power Supply coupled to Said electrodes for 7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein both of said pair of 25 providing a first pulsed signal to one of Said electrodes, electrodes is formed by a same material. and 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said material form e. a Second power Supply coupled to Said coil for provid ing Said electrodes is stainleSS Steel. ing a Second pulsed Signal to Said coil. 9. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein Said apparatus is 19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein adapted to produce hydrogen and oxygen from a fluid

Solution in the absence of a chemical catalyst. a. Said electrodes are adapted for Submersion in Said fluid 10. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein said container Solution; and includes a pressure relief valve which opens if the pressure b. Said coil is arranged above Said electrodes. within Said container exceeds a predetermined threshold. 35 20. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising a Switch 11. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein Said apparatus is coupled to the Second power Supply to connect/disconnect adapted to produce hydrogen and oxygen from a fluid Said Second power Supply to/from Said coil.

21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein Said Second power

Solution in response to Said pulsed signal and Said container Supply includes an output port for outputting Said hydrogen and Voltage islevel a variable Voltage power Supply for varying a of Said Second pulsed signal over time.

oxygen, and further comprising: 40 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein Said first power a device including an input port connected to Said output Supply is a variable output power Supply for varying at least port for receiving Said hydrogen and oxygen, Said one output parameter of Said first pulsed signal Over time. device Selected from the group consisting of: 23. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein said container a. an internal combustion engine; includes a pressure relief valve which opens if the preSSure b. a reciprocating piston engine; 45 within Said container exceeds a predetermined threshold. c. a gas turbine engine; 24. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said second power d. a Stove; Supply is a variable Voltage power Supply for varying a e. a heater; Voltage level of Said Second pulsed signal over time. f. a furnace, 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said first power 50 Supply is a variable output power Supply for varying at least g. a distillation unit;

h. a water purification unit; and one output parameter of Said first pulsed signal Over time. i. a hydrogen/oxygen flame jet. 26. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said first power 12. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein one of Said pair of Supply one is a variable output power Supply for varying at least signal parameter of Said first pulsed Signal over time.

electrodes forms an inner cylinder and the other of Said pair 55 27. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said second power of electrodes forms an outer cylinder Surrounding Said inner Supply includes an astable circuit that oscillates at a fre cylinder. quency of between 17 Hz and 22 Hz. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein both of said pair 28. The apparatus of claim 19, where said pair of elec of electrodes is formed by a Same material. trodes are spaced apart by 1 mm. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said material 60 29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein one of said pair of forming Said electrodes is stainless Steel. electrodes forms an inner cylinder and the other of Said pair 15. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein Said apparatus is of electrodes forms an outer cylinder Surrounding Said inner adapted to produce hydrogen and oxygen from a fluid cylinder.

Solution in the absence of a chemical catalyst. 30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein both of said pair 16. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein Said container 65 of electrodes is formed by a Same material. includes a pressure relief valve which opens if the pressure 31. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein said material within Said container exceeds a predetermined threshold. forming Said electrodes is stainless Steel.

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32. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein both of said pair container includes an output port for outputting Said hydro of electrodes form a flat plate. gen and oxygen, and further comprising: 33. The apparatus of claim 32, further comprising at least a device including an input port connected to Said output one additional pair of electrodes coupled to Said first power port for receiving Said hydrogen and oxygen, Said Supply, wherein each electrode of Said additional pair of 5 device Selected from the group consisting of: electrodes forms a flat plate. a. an internal combustion engine; 34. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein both of said pair b. a reciprocating piston engine; of electrodes is formed by a Same material. c. a. gas turbine engine; 35. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said material d. a Stove;

forming Said electrodes is stainless Steel. e. a heater;

36. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein Said apparatus is f. a furnace, adapted to produce hydrogen and oxygen from a fluid g. a distillation unit; Solution in the absence of a chemical catalyst. h. a water purification unit; and 37. The apparatus in claim 18, wherein Said apparatus is i. a hydrogen/oxygen flame jet. adapted to produce hydrogen and oxygen from a fluid 15

Solution in response to Said first pulsed signal and Said k k k k k