Energy system for applying mixed hydrogen and gasoline to an engine

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AVERAGE EFFECTIVE PRESSURE

AND NO DENSITY

FIG. 3

NO EXHAUSTRATIO AT IGNITION TIME

FOR MBT WHEN HYDROGENIS ADDED

AIR VOLUMEGo = 3.0 x 103kg/s

IGNITION TIME FOR MBT

EXCESSIVE AIR RATO X

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HC DENSITY IN EXHAUS GAS

CO EXHAUSTRATIO WHEN ADDING HYDROGEN

ROTATING SPEED n=1000 rpm AIR VOLUME GO =3.0 x 10kg/s

IGNITION TIME FOR MBT

EXCESSIVE AIR RATO X

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CHANGE OF PRESSURE WITHINCYLINDER

ROTATING SPEED n=1000rpm AIR VOLUME GO =30x103kg/s

EXCESSIVE AIR RATIO X = 1.0

IGNITION TIME BTDC10 degCA

ANGLE OF CRANK (deg)

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IGNITION TIME GIVING MAXIMUM OUTPUT (IGNITION TIME FORMBT)

ROTATING SPEED n=1000 rpm

EXCESSIVE AR RATO M.

TEMPERATURE OF EXHAUST WHEN ADDING HYDROGEN

ROTATING SPEED n=1000 rmp AIR VOLUME GO = 3.0 x 103kg/s

EXCESSIVE AIR RATO = .

IGNITION TIME (BTDCdegCA)

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AVERAGE VALUE STANDARD DEVATION AND

FLUCTUATIONRATIOOF MAXIMUMOUTPUr

ass

AVERAGE VALUE OF

MAXIMUM PRESSURE

ROTATING SPEED

EXCESSIVE AIR

30\ IGNiflón timE FORMBT

aso As

SL 2o s 5 s RATIO FLUCTUATION l

SS ly 10 S.s

as S. s. S

3 is || MAXIMUM PRESSURE

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INDICATED HORSEPOWER WHEN EXCESSIVE

5.O AR RATIOIS CHANGED

AIR VOLUME GO = 30x 103 kg/s

SIGNITION TIME FOR MBT

EXCESSIVE AIR RATIOM

INDICATED THERMAL EFFICENCY WHEN EXCESSIVE

45 AR RATIO IS CHANGED

ROTATING SPEED n=1000rpm

AIR VOLUME GO = 30x10-3kg/s IGNITION TIME BTDC30 degCA

EXCESSIVE AIR RATO X

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FIG. 2 shows a longitudinal section of example 1;

ENERGY SYSTEM FOR APPLYING MIXED FIG. 3 shows a side view of FIG. 2; HYDROGEN AND GASOLINE TO AN ENGINE FIG. 4 shows a side view of part of FIG. 2; FIG. 5 shows a side view of part of FIG. 2;

FIELD OF THE INVENTION FIG. 6 shows an enlarged view of part of FIG. 2; This invention relates to an energy system. The sys FIG. 7 shows a side view of FIG. 2; ten enables the reduction of air pollution. FIG. 8 shows a side view of example 2; FG. 9 shows a circuit diagram of example 1;

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION FIG. 10 shows a longitudinal section of example 3; FIG. 11 shows a side view of FIG. 10;

In Japan the number of automobiles has sharply in 10 FIG. 12 shows a side cross section of example 4; creased due to the high growth of the economy, and air FIG. 13 shows a side cross section of example 5; pollution caused by automobile traffic has become a FIG. 14 shows a side cross section of example 6; large problem. Environmental standards have been FIG. 15 shows a side cross section of example 7; established concerning nitrogen dioxide, which is an FIG. 16 shows a side cross section of example 8; indicator of air pollution, but the yearly average value 15 FIG. 17 shows a side cross section of example 9; of nitrogen dioxide has recently had a rising trend as FIG. 18 shows a side cross section of example 1; shown by FIG. 1 according to an investigation by The FIG. 19 shows a side view of example 11; Environment Agency of the Japanese Government. In FIG. 20 shows a plane view of example 12; order to reduce this problem, electric automobiles have 20 FIG. 21 shows a plane view of example 13; been developed to power low pollution cars. This solu FIG. 22 shows a plane view of example 14; tion is expensive, provides only short running distances FIG. 23 shows a plane view of example 15; per charge and results in low powered vehicles. FIG. 24 is a graph showing voltage and current; Using methanol to power cars results in half of the FIG. 25 shows a process diagram for example 16. running distance than that which is obtained with con 25 FIG. 26 is a plane view of example 17; ventional gasoline for each filling of the tank, and a supply system for distributing methanol is not complete. theFIG. 27 to FIG. 44 show graphs of the examples of invention;

Compressed natural gas automobiles also have short FIG. 45 shows a side view of example 18; running distances per charge and their total weight increases due to the necessity of mounting a gas cylin 30 FIG. 46

FIG. shows a side view of example 19;

47 shows a side view of example 20;

der on the vehicle.

Fuel mounting technology and safety assurance for OETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION driving hydrogen powered automobiles have not been FIG. 2 shows an example of the invention wherein solved yet. Gas turbine automobiles have low reliabil water 1 is supplied to an electrolytic bath 2 to be elec ity, efficiency and reaction to acceleration and decelera 35 trolyzed by electric current from a battery 3, the equip tion, and exhaust too much nitrogen dioxide. Sterling ment being mounted on a car (not illustrated). Hydro engines are heavy and bulky and require long starting gen 4 generated in the equipment is supplied together times, and their reliability has not been confirmed. Hy with gasoline to the engine, and generated oxygen 5 is drogen automobiles using electricity and diesel engines released to the inside of the car.

are heavy, and more study is required for controlling An ion exchange resin layer 7 of replaceable con such engines. With gasoline cars using LPGjointly, the struction is mounted in the outlet of a water tank 6, so cost of improvement is very expensive, and also LPG that distilled water for electrolysis is not required, and distribution is not fully available. ordinary tap water from a water faucet, etc. can be Many ways have been studied for decreasing the used. Water tank 6 is placed with the water level therein exhaust composition of air pollution from automobile 45 always higher than electrolytic bath 2, so that pressure engines. In accordance with one of these techniques, the is always applied to an electrolytic film 8 within the combustion of diluted fuel has been tried. Such tech electrolytic bath 2. Water from the tank 6 enters from niques generally complicate the construction of engine, the bottom of electrolytic bath via a pipe 9. This accel in comparison with conventional engines. erates the chemical reaction in the bath and decreases 50 electrical consumption by heating, as described below,

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

cold water immediately after it issent from below elec

This invention is directed to the provision of a trolytic bath instead of from above, in order to raise the method for reducing or eliminating air pollution by temperature within the electrolytic battery as much as effectively extracting hydrogen from water without possible and by sending heated water within the electro changing the construction of the engine. Hydrogen has 55 lytic bath to keep a high temperature within the bath as such properties as wider combustion range, higher con much as possible, without enabling the water to flow bustion speed, lower ignition energy and more easily back to the water tank.

adaptable to making a uniform mixed gas than gasoline. The water electrolysis method of the invention em This invention contemplates the combustion of diluted ploys solid polyelectrolyte water electrolysis by poly mixed gas and decreases the exhaust of nitrogen diox mer electrolysis, and does not need electrolytic liquid. ide. This is one feature of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING As shown in FIG. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 and also as de scribed below, the electrolytic film in the electrolytic

In order that the invention may be more clearly un bath 2 is a solid polyelectrolytic film 8 having a positive derstood, it will now be disclosed in greater detail with 65 electrode 10 on one side and a negative electrode 11 on reference to the accompanying drawing, wherein: the other side. The solid polyelectrolytic film 8 extends FIG. 1 is a graph showing the yearly change of nitro vertically and is sandwiched with apertured metal gen dioxide in the air; plates 12, metal nets 13 and other apertured metal plates

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14 symmetrically arranged on both sides of film 8. The gen was generated at 2.42 cc/minute at a voltage of 12V solid polyelectrolytic film 8 is mounted to extend verti and current of 0.5A.

cally in order to enable it to vibrate as the car or other In order to heat water within the electrolytic bath 2 vehicle is moved in order to easily set hydrogen foam shown in FIG. 2, a heat generating element 22 such as free, to thereby accelerate the chemical reaction, to a rectifier, transistor, etc. in the circuit of the power enhance the efficiency of heating from the outside of the supply 15 shown by FIG. 9, is coated with Teflon resin electrolytic bath and the efficiency of heating up inte or sealed in titanium box 23, and mounted within the rior heat generating substance by making the electro electrolytic bath 2. This arrangement is designed to heat lytic film thinner, not to prevent hydrogen and oxygen water at the location of electrolysis and to simulta from rising, and also to simplify the drain on the side of 10 neously cool the heat generating parts of the power positive electrode. Electricity is applied to electrodes supply circuit. Especially when the electrolytic bath is 10, 11 of said film 8 from power supply 15 connected to made of plastics without using heat absorbing fins, as set battery 3 via electric cables 16. forth later, this method is especially advantageous, since The solid polyelectrolytic film 8 illustrated in FIG. 7 15 plastics cannot absorb external heat and in addition heat set forth above is a cation exchange film having the produced from heat generating interior substances is following chemical formula: insulated by plastics to enhance the interior heating efficiency.

The space 24 for receiving hydrogen generated on

O 20 the side of negative electrode and water permeating from electrolytic film can be discharged from the space

CF 24 via drain valve 25.

Part 26 is a support to hold the system of the inven

(F-CF, tion under the hood, etc. of an automotive vehicle, this 25 support enabling substantial vibration of the electrolytic

CF bath 2 with vibration of automobile. FIG. 8 illustrates a side view of the arrangement of

CF FIG. 2, showing that the electrolytic film 8 may be SOF circular. With this arrangement, the device of the inven 30 tion is compact since the water pipe 9 is arranged along

As shown in the plan view of FIG. 3 and cross sec the round side of the bath, and the absorption of heat tion of FIG. 7, thin film electrodes 10, 11 of porous from the external fins is not disturbed. anti-corrosive catalytic metals such as platinum of plati Solid polyelectrolyte water electrolysis by electro num group, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, iridium, lytic film 8 and catalytic metallic electrode 10, 11, as etc. are applied to both sides of the electrolytic film 8. 35 used for the system of the invention enables high energy As further shown in FIG. 7, the apertured metal efficiency to be attained without using an electrolytic plates 12 of FIG. 4 contact the electrodes 10, 11 and the liquid, and the energy system is compact and easy to layers of the metal mesh 13 of FIG. 5 are attached to the handle. As shown in FIG. 2, heat absorbing fins 27 are outer sides of the apertured metal plates 12. The aper mounted externally on the electrolytic bath 2 to absorb tured metal plates 14 of FIG. 6 are attached to the outer the heat from the engine or under the hood. The fins aid in sides of the layers of metal mesh 13. The layers includ by aheating of the water within the electrolytic bath 2 ing the apertured metal plates 14, metal mesh layers 13, voltage can be reducedelement, heat generating so that the electrolytic by 5 to 10%. In addition this apertured metal plates 12, positive and negative elec enables the release of oxygen foam from the electrolytic trodes 10, 11 and the electrolytic film 8, are fastened 45 film 8 to be accelerated by transmitting engine and car together with inserted packings 17 by the meshed movement vibration to the electrolytic film 8, thereby threads 19 of an electrically insulated holder 18. The electrolytic film 8 is replaceable, if necessary, for in enhancing the energy generating efficiency, so that such extremely high energy efficiencies as 95% can be stance, every 3 years. When electricity is applied be obtained.

tween the positive electrode 10 and the negative elec 50 Hydrogen coming from the pipe 20 of the system of trode 11 via the apertured metal plate 12, water 1 per the invention can be supplied to the suction duct of a meating to the electrolytic film 8 is electrolyzed, gener ating oxygen from the positive electrode 10 and hydro hydrogen engine, and is also usable for a conventional gen from the negative electrode 11. Hydrogen is sup gasoline automobile. In this event, if the system is mounted under the hood to send hydrogen to the intake plied from the outlet pipe 20 at the upper portion of ss duct electrolytic bath 2 to an engine, etc. and oxygen is dis to mixofhydrogen the engine, under the power of the car battery, with evaporated gasoline, fuel expense charged to the cabin of the vehicle, via outlet pipe 21 can be not only saved but is also possible to reduce CO, located at the upper portion of electrodes.

Anti-corrosive materials such as plastic or titanium or CO2, and NO within the exhaust gas. In addition, sleep iness of the driver can be prevented, thereby enhancing material coated with fluoric resin are used for the elec the attention of the driver to drive carefully, by dis trolytic bath. In examples of the invention employing a charging oxygen coming from the pipe 21 of the system 20 mm diameter electrolytic film, hydrogen was gener of the invention to the drivers seat in order to provide ated at 12.59 cc/minute with a voltage of 12V and cur oxygen to the brain of driver.

rent of 2.5A; hydrogen was generated at 9.98 cc/minute The circuit of FIG. 9, is an example of the circuit of with a voltage of 12V and current of 2.0A; hydrogen the power supply 15 for supplying constant current was generated at 7.53 cc/minute at a voltage of 12V and from the battery 3 to the electrolytic bath 2. The battery current of 1.5A, current was generated at 5.00 cc/mi of the automobile supplies the input to this circuit, for nute at a voltage of 12V and current of 1.0A; and hydro example a battery having a capacity of 12VDC at 5A

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can be used, and the range of input voltages for the Assuming that one sheet of electrolytic film with a 8 circuit is 10-15V. cm diameter generates 50 cc/min of hydrogen, 342 The output of the circuit of FIG. 9 is set with a range sheets of the film aligned in parallel are required to of OVDC, 4A. Lamp LED 2 is lit to shut off the output supply 17.1 l/min of hydrogen to a conventional auto current when the output voltage exceeds 2.8V DC by 5 mobile engine. However, as shown in FIG. 22, in the increasing of the resistance resulting from long usage of system of the invention using a hydrogen tank 31, the the solid polyelectrolytic film, or when the input volt number of electrolytic films as set forth above is not age has fallen to lower than 10V DC due to consump required, since controller 32 controls the necessary tion of the battery and the temperature of radiator ex volume of hydrogen in response to the condition of the ceeds 80 degrees C. Lamp LED 3 is lit when output O engine and because, as long as the controller 32 works, current is supplied. hydrogen is stored in the tank to be released only when Part U-1 in the power supply circuit is a DC/DC necessary.

converter to provide an output voltage of -12V neces FIG. 13 shows an example of the invention wherein a sary to drive the op-amp. plurality of electrolytic baths are connected to a unit 31. Part 28 of the circuit is a thermal fuse which senses 15 FIG. 14 shows an example of the invention wherein the temperature in the bath to shut off the output cur the electrolytic bath 2 is cylindrical with the electro rent when the temperature of element 22 rises to more lytic film 8 attached to its bottom. Vibration of car than 80 degrees C. moves water within the electrolytic bath 2 in a vertical Element 22 in the circuit is a transistor having large direction heat generation. The invention serves the double pur into the BA,direction and power in the A direction is divided pose of enhancing electrolytic efficiency to lower the in the C direction at axial of the electrolytic bath 2 and voltage by raising the water temperature within electro trolytic bath 2 and also inangles right to the axis of the elec parallel with the surface of lytic bath 2 by using the heating property of element 22, the electrolytic film 8, in order to accelerate as shown by FIG. 2, and also of cooling the transistor or ing foam of hydrogen coming from electrolyticdischarg film 8 to other element 22 at the same time. 25 enhance electrolytic efficiency. Heat absorbing

As shown in FIG. 19, it is also possible to heat the drain pipe 32, fixture 33, water inlet 34, ion exchange fins 27, water by attaching radiation fins 27 to the transistor and resin layer 7, hydrogen outlet 20 and oxygen outlet 21 contacting the radiation fins with the metallic electro are mounted in the electrolytic bath 2. lytic bath 2 made of such metals as titanium, etc. It is also possible to heat the water by contacting the radia- 30 theFIG. 15 shows an example of the invention wherein tion fins with the outside of electrolytic bath 2 made of electrolytic bath bath electrolytic 2 is inclined and the bottom of extends vertically. In this arrangement such metals as titanium, etc.

FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 show an example of the inven the water inlet is in an upper horizontal portion of elec tion wherein heat absorbing fins 27 are mounted to trolytic bath. The ion exchange resin layer and the extend in the direction of the diameter of electrolytic 35 electrolytic film are represented by the reference nu bath 2, and a water pipe 9 is inserted between the heat merals 7 and 8 respectively. The electrolytic bath is absorbing fins 27 so as to place the heat absorbing fins made of non-corrosive metals such as titanium, etc. and 27 on the water pipe 9 itself in order to preheat the heated semi-conductors in the power supply circuit water before it enters the electrolytic bath. contact the outside of electrolytic bath so that the heat of engine, etc. is transmitted through fins 27 to heat the

FIG. 12 shows an example of the invention wherein a 40 electrolytic plurality of electrolytic films 8 are aligned in parallel to bath.

increase the generation of hydrogen. This reason for the FIG. 16 is an example of the invention wherein the use of a plurality of electrolytic films is explained in the electrolytic bath, etc. are heated. Using the example of following paragraphs. FIG. 14, heating pipe 35 is installed in the cylindrical Gasoline is represented by the formula C8H16 and if 45 electrolytic bath 2 to heat the water 1 by sending heat of the hydrogen mixing rate is 5%, the volume of hydro the engine and exhaust into heating pipe 35 in order to gen to l mol (1 12 g) of gasoline is enhance the electrolytic efficiency.

112x0.05/(1-0.05)=5.89 g. FIG. 17 shows an example of the invention wherein Since the heat generating volume at low mixtures of an electric heating wire 36 coated with Teflon resin is hydrogen and gasoline is 10,500 kcal/kg and 28,800 50 placed within the electrolytic bath 2 to heat water 1 by kcl/kg respectively, when a 5% hydrogen mixing rate is current from the automobile battery.

converted to heat generating volume, hydrogen be FIG. 18 is an example of the invention using the comes 5.89x28.8/(5.89x28.8+112X 10.5);= 12.6%. vertically extending tube shown in FIG. 14, wherein Considering a 30% heat efficiency of the engine and members 37 in the shape of trumpet horns are supported approximately 10 horsepower under light load (40 to 50 55 by rods 38 inserted in the water tank 1. Motion of the km/h of constant speed on city roads), heat input at 10 water in a vertical direction A due to up and down horsepowers (7.35 kw) of net output is 7.35/0.3=24.5 movement of car is converted to movement in the hori kw=24.5x860 kcal/h=21,070 kcal/h. zontal direction B to improve discharging and dispers The supply calorie of hydrogen out of the 21,070 ing foam of the hydrogen gas.

kcal/h is 0.126x21,070=2,655 kcal/h and that of gaso 60 FIG. 19 is an example of the invention wherein radi line is 21,070-2,655 = 18,415 kcl/h. When obtaining ating fins 27 of the power supply 15 are attached along heat generating volume from 0.0899 kg/m3 (gas) of the outside wall of the electrolytic bath 2 to heat the hydrogen's density and 0.74 kg/ (liquid) of gasoline's water within the electrolytic bath 2 by heat generated density, hydrogen is 28,800x0.0899=2,589 kcal/m3 from the power supply and also to cool the heat gener (H2 gas) and gasoline 10,500x0.74=7,770 kcal/m3 65 ating semi-conductors.

(gasoline). Consequently the supply volume of hydro FIG. 20 is an example of the invention wherein the gen and gasoline is 2,655/2,589/60=17.1 l/min and power supply 15 is fabricated on a flexible printed cir 1,841.5/7,770/60=39.5 cc/min respectively. cuit board mounted around the electrolytic bath 2 to

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heat water within the bath and cool the power supply controller 43 is closed and the supply of hydrogen to circuit. the engine stops or is reduced, during which period FIG. 21 is an example of the invention wherein the hydrogen from the hydrogen generating apparatus is power supply 15 is fixed to the wide bottom of the stored in the hydrogen tank. The controller, when nec electrolytic bath 2 in the form of a cube, and heat ab essary, opens to send hydrogen to the engine. There sorbing fins 27 are attached to other surfaces, so that the fore, in accordance with the invention, even a small electrolytic efficiency can be enhanced by heat gener hydrogen generating capacity is enough to drive the ated by the power supply and heat absorbed by fins 27 engine, so that the system may be small. A hydrogen from the engine. cylinder can be used instead of the hydrogen tank 31, or FIG. 22 is an example of the invention wherein the 10 can be used along with the hydrogen tank 31. power supply 15 is mounted on a narrow longitudinal The controller 43 changes the volume of hydrogen in face of the electrolytic bath in the form of a rectangular proportion to the size of the load, the density of mixed parallelopiped, as shown in the previous example. gas and the size of mixing ratio. FIG. 23 shows an example of the invention wherein the electrolytic bath 2 is verythin, so that the tempera 15 incorporatinga the

FIG. 26 is plane figure showing an automobile 47 system of the invention, and also ture of interior water is easy to raise by external heating, illustrating the driver 48. and the power supply 15 is set on the wide bottom of the In order to describe the hydrogen controller 43, the electrolytic bath 2.

FIG. 24 shows the results of tests conducted by the 27, test data of the example of the invention, as seen in FIG. inventor, assuming that the abscissa and ordinate repre equivalent 20 graphically shows the relationship between the sent the necessary current and voltage and current, hydrogen mixing ratio of limit of hydrogen thinness db and the respectively, for electrolysis, and the curve B shows the rate f.

relationship between the voltage and current when Hydrogen generated by this system was sent into an neither heat nor vibration is provided. Curve A shows inlet pipe located at approximately 50 mm downstream the relationship in accordance with the invention upon 25 from the throttle valve within the pipe or a suction pipe the application of loading pressure on the electrolytic located at approximately 150 mm up from carburetor. film 8 by heating and vibrating water 1 within electro The stroke capacity of engine used for this experiment lytic bath 2. This test shows that the voltage necessary is 323 cc.

for electrolysis is reduced by at least 15% and the en The equivalent ratio do of hydrogen is represented by ergy efficiency is consequently enhanced. 30 the ratio of quality and volume of oxygen necessary for FIG. 25 shows an example of the invention com complete combustion of mixed gas consisting of hydro prised of 3 main elements of the hydrogen generating gen and gasoline with respect to the quality and volume apparatus, hydrogen storing apparatus and controller of oxygen within the mixed gas. The hydrogen mixing which have been explained with reference to FIG. 2. rate f is represented by comparison of quality and vol The hydrogen outlet pipe 20 from the electrolytic 35 ume of hydrogen with quality of volume of hydrogen hydrogen generating apparatus 39 driven by the battery plus gasoline.

3 and the power supply 15 of FIG. 2 are connected to As clearly apparent from FIG. 27, the effect of the the hydrogen tank 40, where a hydrogen storage alloy driving capacity of thin fuel increases at lower hydro 41, such as iron plus titanium or iron plus titanium plush gen mixing rates and also at lower loads. niobium, invented by me, is filled to efficiently absorb FIG. 28 shows that a richer mixed gas is required as hydrogen. As I have explained in another of my patent the hydrogen in the system increases together with applications, an alloy of iron and titanium and Niobium increases of load.

has a hydrogen storage capacity of 6.7 times as much as a conventional hydrogen cylinder. A controller 43 for gasGasoline of not engines can be driven only by thin mixed more than approximately 1.2 times as much as controlling the hydrogen volume is provided between 45 generally theoretical this hydrogen tank 40 and the engine 42. Gasoline 44 is at low driving speedgasis volume.

controlled

Therefore, the output by throttling the supplied to the engine 42 via a carburetor 45. FIG. 25 volume of both the fuel and air. However, since the also shows the system in which hydrogen is supplied driving limit of thin mixed gas is expanded when hydro from the controller 43.

gen is added by this system, it is possible to control

The hydrogen controller 43 is designed to increase SO output by decreasing only the volume of fuel without the and decrease the supplied volume of hydrogen as a throttling air, to decrease any damage to the pump by function of the rpm of the engine or the angle (alpha) of throttling the volume of sucked air and to enhance the the accelerator pedal 46.

The hydrogen generating apparatus 39 receives heat heat efficiency, i.e. one of effects of the present inven produced by the engine or exhaust from the engine or 55 tion.

from a supply of electricity to heat the generating parts This effect becomes more remarkable with lower 22 of the power source and electrolytic film 8, and output of driving with thin mixing ratio, and also the produces hydrogen to be stored in the hydrogen storage addition of hydrogen when driving with thin mixed gas alloy filled hydrogen tank 40. The hydrogen storage makes it possible to decrease the combustibility of hy alloy in the hydrogen tank is cooled by water 1 in order drocarbon HC, CO, etc. On the other hand, when driv to send hydrogen to hydrogen tank by pressure for ing with a rich mixed gas near the theoretical mixing storage. ratio (high output driving), the effect of the addition of The hydrogen storage alloy filed storage tank 40 is hydrogen is lower, and when increasing the mixing placed close to the engine to discharge hydrogen from ratio of hydrogen, the output adversely lowers, leading the metal by heat coming from engine 42. This hydro 65 to increase in exhaust of NOx. Consequently, the addi gen tank 40 is connected to the hydrogen controller 42 tion of hydrogen is recommended for partial load driv which is designed to shut off the hydrogen when the ing, and driving with gasoline only is better for high load to theengine becomes large. In other words, the load driving.

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Consequently, as explained with reference to FIG. making possible the driving of cars at fully low equiva 25, I have provided a system having a hydrogen con lent rate of NO density compared with gasoline, only by troller 43. mixing hydrogen into thin mixed gas. The effect of mixing hydrogen into the fuel when FIG. 29 shows the measurement of ignition time for driving with a thin gas mixture is especially effective, MBT when driving by adding hydrogen to gasoline, and the preferred hydrogen mixing rate is 5 to 10%. and it is indicated that the ignition time for MBT is The smaller that the flame speed is when using a thin greatly delayed by adding a small amount of hydrogen. mixed gas of gasoline and air, the more effective flame FIG. 30 shows the effect on NO density when chang transmission is accelerated by mixing small hydrogen ing the ignition timing at constant rotation speed and with the fuel, for which the present controller is effec 10 equivalent rate by 5 degrees and 10 degrees before and tWe.

When using gasoline only, the ignition advance angle, after from MBT, and the effect of the invention wherein it is possible on lowering NO density by delaying the which is referred to herein as the MBT (Minimum Ad ignition timing.

vance for Best Torque) increases in proportion to the rotating speed of the engine, but the degree is reduced 15 andFIG. 31 shows the relationship between NO density decreasing rate of average effective pressure ac by mixing hydrogen with the fuel. It has been found by cording to ignition delaying angle from MBT, and it experiment that in the case of a high speed rotation there is a trend that the effect of mixing hydrogen is indicates dance with the effect wherein mixing hydrogen in accor the invention has a large effect on lowering large until the hydrogen mixing rate is large.

If gasoline in a thin mixed gas at constant equivalent tion delayingcompared

NO density with the output decrease by igni ratio continues to be partially replaced with hydrogen, invention that, when using thinnerit ismixed angle. Furthermore, the effect of the gas, mixed it is possible to delay the ignition time for MBT, and the output increases when the hydrogen mixing rate is hydrogen is also advantageous in the NO exhausting rate (g/ps.h).

small.

When maintaining a constant rotation speed, it is 25 FIG. 32 shows that the NO exhaust rate is decreased possible to make the equivalent ratio substantially by increase in the value of Gh/Gg. Compared with smaller under no-load conditions, hardly changing the driving with gasoline of A = 1.0, when driving with A = 1.3 and adding hydrogen, the NO exhaust rate is ignition time for MBT together with increasing hydro decreased to approximately . gen mixing ratio. With mixed gas required by the out put, the smaller its equivalent rate, the larger is the 30 FIG. 33 shows the indicated horsepower of ignition hydrogen mixing effect. timing, HC within the exhaust gas, CO and the effect on If hydrogen is mixed with mixed gas of gasoline and NO exhaust rate. The HC exhaust rate become less with air, combustion speed increases and the relationship of increases in the added volume of hydrogen, and it the hydrogen mixing rate with combustion speed shows slightly increases when delaying ignition time. an almost straight tendency. For instance, the regular 35 The reason that HC exhaust is decreased by adding combustion speed of thin mixed gas having a 0.7 equiva hydrogen is that the flowing volume of gasoline de lent rate at a hydrogen mixing rate of 0.2% and 10% is creases by adding the volume of hydrogen, inasmuch as 20.25 cm/s and 40 cm/s respectively, having an almost the excessive air ratio A is kept at constant level, and straight relationship. The effect of mixing hydrogen on that combustion efficiency around the wall of combus the combustion speed is more remarkable as the mixing tion chamber is accelerated since the hydrogen's flame rate becomes smaller, showing a logarithmic change distinguishing distance becomes small at the same time with the mixing rate. as the rise of maximum pressure. (see FIG. 42.) Hydrogen mixing accelerates the effect of increasing The CO exhaust rate also shows a similar tendency as combustion speed, particularly by turbulence of thin the HC exhaust rate but is hardly dependable on igni mixed gas. Increase of combustion speed in turbulent 45 tion time. The NO exhaust rate sharply decreases when flow by mixing hydrogen on the side of excessive den delaying the ignition time. The NO exhaust rate at the sity of hydrogen having approximately 1.3 of equivalent same ignition time increases as the value of Gh/Gg ratio do shows an almost straight relationship as well as increases, since the combustion speed increases by add an increase in regular combustion speed, and hydrogen ing hydrogen and the temperature of combustion of the combustion speed on the side of thin density of hydro 50 gas increases.

gen increases greatly by mixing approximately 2% hy FIG. 34 shows the fluctuation of the HC exhaustratio drogen. The reason why the effect of turbulence on when changing the excessive air ratio. When approach combustion speed increases greatly on the side of thin ing the condition of discontinuing combustion, the HC density by adding small amount of hydrogen is that the exhaust ratio is seen to sharply increase. When the ex molecule dispersion coefficient of hydrogen is so ex 55 cessive air ratio is increased, there is trend for the HC tremely large that hydrogen disperses on the surface of exhaust ratio to increase, but it is possible to protect the irregular disordered combustion and selects oxygen to increase in HC exhaust by increasing the Gh/Gg value. burn. On the basis of observations when using a burning FIG. 35 shows the effect of changes in HC density vessel, it has been confirmed that the irregular surface within the exhaust by the equivalent ratio, using the of flame becomes very fine by mixing hydrogen. Conse 60 hydrogen mixing rate of the invention as a parameter, quently, when using this mixed gas, effective transmis and it indicates the effect of the invention that it is possi sion of flame is accelerated more and more in case of ble to control the increase in HC density until the thin thin mixed gas and of lower mixing ratio of hydrogen. side of mixed gas by mixing hydrogen according to the Delaying MBT ignition timing is due not only to the invention. This figure shows the effect of the invention, effect of hydrogen having a high combustion speed, but 65 when thin mixed gas having equivalent ratio d of ap also to the effect as set forth above. proximately 0.75 is used, that HC density and HC ex The effect of the invention on the density of air pollu haust rate substantially decrease by mixing hydrogen in tion materials contained in engine exhaust results in accordance with the invention.

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FIG. 36 shows the CO exhaust rate when adding FIG. 39 is a manometric diagram showing the devel hydrogen. The absolute value of CO exhaust rate is opment of pressure within the cylinder when changing small. the value of Gh/Gg while keeping the air excessive Conventional hydrogen mixing methods cannot keep ratio d and the ignition time constant. It is seen from the HC density at a low level when using a thinner FIG. 39 that, when increasing the ratio of flowing vol mixed gas as shown by FIG. 35, unless a substantially ume of hydrogen and gasoline (Gh/Gig), the time from large volume of hydrogen is mixed. Therefore, conven ignition until reaching maximum pressure becomes tional hydrogen mixing methods cannot control the HC short and the maximum pressure increases. On this oc density to be low, whereas the method of the invention casion, as seen clearly in FIG. 3, a change in supplied has the effect of keeping HC at its lowest level in any O calories Q/Q' is approximately 1.02 even at case, since it automatically adjusts the volume of hydro Gh/Gg=0.1, and it is considered that its effect hardly gen according to the curve shown in FIG. 35. appears. Consequently, the difference by adding hydro FIG. 37 shows an example of measurement of the CO gen as shown at FIG. 39 means mainly an increase in density within the exhaust, and it indicates the effect of combustion speed.

the invention wherein in case of thin mixed gas having 15 FIG. 40 shows the relationship between the excessive equivalent ratio d of less than 0.9, the CO density low air ratio and Gh/Gg with ignition time for MBT, and it ers upon mixing hydrogen according to the invention. is apparent from FIG. 39 that if Gh/Gg is increased at As the mixed gas becomes thinner, it is usual for the the same value of excessive air ratio, the ignition time cycle change to increase by discontinued combustion or for MBT is delayed (approaching TDC). This fact drop of the combustion speed, but safe driving with thin agrees with the result of the manometric diagram (FIG. mixed gas can be obtained by mixing hydrogen accord 39) that it is conserved for combustion speed to in ing to the invention, and the change in the cycle de crease, when increasing added volume of hydrogen. In Ce3SS. addition, the expansion of discontinued combustion FIG. 38 shows the distribution of the frequency of 5 limit 6 based on adding hydrogen is clear from this figure.

maximum pressure wherein the range of fluctuation is FIG. 41 shows the temperature of the exhaust mea large when using only gasoline having equivalent ratio d close to 1, but it also indicates the effect that mixing sured approximately 150 mm below the exhaust valve hydrogen in accordance with the invention makes the using a thermoelectric couple. -Since the exhaust valve range of fluctuation small. When using only hydrogen is not kept perfectly warm, the absolute value is mean in accordance with the system of the invention, safe 30 ingless, but when compared relatively, a decrease of driving with regular dispersion can be obtained even temperature sponds to the is seen when adding hydrogen and corre tendency shown by FIG. 39. The standard with mixed gas close to driving limit of thin gas.

Decreasing the ratio of maximum pressure fluctua cylinder deviation of and 8 of maximum pressure within the tion by mixing hydrogen does not change as much by 35 when adding hydrogen is shown in FIG. 42. When the equivalent ratio, and the invention has the large effect decrease, which value of Gh/Gg is increased, both or and 8 that fluctuation decreases to almost half at 10% mixing. cylinder has beenmeans that the combustion within the The lower the gas suction pressure is, the bigger fluctu ered to be due tostabilized. the large This phenomena is consid dispersion coefficient of ation ratio is, but the effect of mixing hydrogen in ac hydrogen and to combustion characteristics as set forth cordance with the invention is also large. When using previously. The indicated horse power at ignition time gasoline only, the fluctuation ratio does not change as for MBT is shown in FIG. 43. When Gh/Gg=0, which much with rotation speed. At a high speed with thin gas means using gasoline only, combustion discontinuance the invention has the effect that the fluctuation ratio is greatly reduced by mixing hydrogen therein in accor occurs at an excessive air ratio of 1.2, and the indicated horsepower sharply falls. When Gh/Gg=0.05, it was dance with the invention. 45 possible to drive until an excessive air ratio A of 1.4, but As a measure to stabilize driving with thin mixed gas, discontinuance of combustion occurred at an excessive simultaneous ignition may be used at two places. The air ratio of 1.5. When Gh/Gg=0.15, it was impossible method of the invention has the same effect when using to keep Ga-3.0X 10.3 kg/s due to the increase in the two plugs as when using a single ignition plug. flowing volume of hydrogen. In FIG. 43, the indicated The excessive air ratio (N) when adding hydrogen to 50 horsepower generally decreases with increase in the gasoline by the invention is: value of excessive air ratio, but if the supplied calories are inversely proportional to excessive air ratio A and

A= Ga/G the indicated thermal efficiency are fixed at one point deg -- bh (Gh/G) FIG. 43, as shown by the chain line, and the decreasing 55 ratio of the test result is less than this. An increase of the wherein the flowing volume of air is Ga, the flowing supplied calories by adding hydrogen is approximately volume of hydrogen in accordance with the invention is 3% at Gh/Gg=0.15, and also in the case of hydrogen, Gh, the flowing volume of gasoline is G and theoreti a decrease in the mole number by combustion occurs, cally the combustion rate of gasoline and hydrogen which is a contrary effect. Therefore, these influences added by the invention is dig and dbh. are regarded as small. At the point obtained by experi The calorie Q (kcal/s) per unit of time of fuel sup ment, there is almost no difference in Gh/Gg between plied to the engine is: 0.05 and 0.15. Consequently the reason why the experi mental point comes above chain line at one point is considered to be an enhancement of the indicated heat efficiency.

provided the heat generating amount of hydrogen FIG. 44 shows the change in indicated heat efficiency added by the invention and gasoline per unit of volume Ti when changing Gh?Gg and the excessive air ratio. It are gh and gg, respectively. is impossible to compare this directly with the condi

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tions of FIG. 43 because of the different adding time, excessive ratio, and the indicated heat efficiency is en but the enhancement of indicated heat efficiency with hanced.

increases in excessive air ratio is definite, except for the 1-(4) The invention has the effect that, when less than range of decrease in indicated heat efficiency by imper an equivalent rate of 1, the NO exhaust ratio at the lag fect combustion at the time when the combustion is angle of ignition decreases in comparison with the case about to discontinue. This is why it is considered that when using gasoline only, even at same equivalent rate. when approaching an air cycle by an increase in exces The NO exhaust decreases at an ignition time for MBT sive air ratio, thermal loss decreases upon a fall of the of 1.0 to 1.1.

combustion temperature. Moreover, the theoretical 1-(5) The invention has the effect that it is possible to thermal efficiency mth of the auto-cycle of air only under 10 lower the HC exhaust ratio at a rarefied area. Because the conditions of this experiment is approximately 47%. of its expanded limit in discontinuance of combustion, FIG. 45 illustrates an example of applying the system the HC exhaust can control a sharp increase on the of the invention to an electric automobile. rarefied side of fuel. The CO exhaust is the same as the Film 50 has holes and is sandwiched between two HC exhaust. As a result of driving at an air excessive plastic film plates 51, and film 50 is fixed in box 49. The 15 ratio equal to or exceeding 1.0, the absolute value be platinum plates serve as electrodes, and the air at room comes low. The HC exhaust can prevent sharp in temperature freely enters through the hole 52. When creases of HC exhaust around the discontinuance of hydrogen from the hydrogen generating apparatus 39 is combustion with the value of excessive air ratio. supplied from hole 53 and exposed to gas mixed with 1-(6) CO exhaust does not increase sharply around oxygen within the air, one electrode produced a voltage 20 the same discontinuance of combustion as the HC ex of 1.V. If N volts are required, Nelectrodes are mounted haust. toAsoraexceeding result of driving at an excessive air ratio in the box. Since a thin electrode, like a micro chip, has equal 1.0, the absolute value of the CO high energy efficiency, it is possible for an electrode exhaust ratio is extremely low.

weighing 1 kg, to produce electric power of 1 kw. Part 25 ratio 1-(7) There is the effect that the cycle fluctuation of the electric power serves as a supply source of power decreases decreases in accordance with the invention and it supply circuit 15 for the energy system of the invention resulting intoanapproximately half at a 10% mixing ratio, via 54, and most of the electric power is supplied to the delay of MBT increase of the maximum pressure and a ignition time.

motor 56 for driving the wheels 55 of automobile. An apparatus incorporating this film fuel battery and hy 30 increases by addingratio 1-(8) The rising of pressure within the cylinder drogen generating apparatus into one unit is also con sure increases. In addition, theandMBT hydrogen the maximum pres ignition time is templated by the invention. delayed.

FIG. 45 shows an example of the invention wherein 1-(9) The exhaust temperature decreases when hy fuel batteries are placed sideways (horizontally). FIG. drogen is added.

46 shows an example of the invention wherein fuel 35 1-(10) It is possible to expand the limitation in discon batteries 57 are placed longitudinally and hydrogen 4 tinuance of combustion in a large range of excessive air and air 58 are fully used when rising to contact the ratios by adding hydrogen. If the excessive air ratio is electrodes 51.

FIG. 47 shows an example of the invention compris increased, the indicated heat efficiency is enhanced. 1-(11) In order to decrease composition of air pollu ing an electric automobile wherein solar batteries are tion exhausted from an automobile engine, a rarefied attached to the outside of the roof 59 and the upper side combustion method has been tried, but an engine using of hood 60 and trunk lid 61. The hydrogen generating this method is complicated in comparison with a con apparatus 3 is fixed at the rear portion 39' or front por ventional engine. The invention is an epoch making one tion 39' within the car, and the film batteries 57 are which can realize low environmental pollution without attached to the inside of roof 59. Electric power is ob 45 changing the construction of conventional automobiles tained by supplying to the film fuel battery 57 hydrogen and engines.

produced by the hydrogen apparatus 39 and by electric 1-(12) Hydrogen has a wide combustion range, high power generated from the solar batteries operating by combustible speed, lower ignition energy and is adapt sun light, together with air. The electric power together able to more easily making uniform mixed gas, as com with part of electric power from solar battery 62 is 50 pared with gasoline. Therefore, the invention is an supplied to the motor 56 driving the wheels 55. epoch making one which can realize the combustion of The outlet pipe 20 of the system is fixed within the thin mixed ga and decreases in exhausting nitric oxide suction pipe of a ready-made gasoline engine to cause by making use of these properties.

the following effects: 1-(13) Since the system of the invention adequately 1-(1) The limit of discontinuance of combustion with 55 controls the volume of hydrogen according to the size thin fuel density is increased. The invention has the of load, thinness of mixed gas, size of mixing ratio and effect that the equivalent ratio of the limit in driving ignition time for MBT, it has the maximum effect on with thin fuel can more effectively be reduced as the non-environmental pollution and fuel saving. load decreases. 1-(14) The system of the invention, when assembling 1-(2) The invention has the noticeable effect that it is a controller, hydrogen generating apparatus and hydro possible to adequately increase combustion speed of the gen tank, can make a hydrogen generating apparatus engine and accelerate the speed of combustion of thin that is smaller and lighter than usual. mixed gas on turbulent flow under the condition that 1-(15) Even when using mixed gas close to limit of the mixed gas is thin and mixing rate is small. driving with thinned gas, safe driving similar to those 1-(3) In accordance with the invention, the maximum 65 when using normal distributed gas, can be obtained pressure within the cylinder rises, the ignition time for with the invention.

MBT is delayed, the exhaust temperature falls, the drop 1-(16) In addition to the effects when applying the of indicated horsepower is less when increasing the air invention to conventional gasoline engine as set forth

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above, the invention can eliminate air pollution, espe While the invention has been disclosed and described cially in the use of current diesel engine trucks, particu with reference to a limited number of embodiments, it larly with respect to exhaust gas discharged when driv will be apparent that variations and modification may ing at low speeds within a city, without changing the be made therein, and it is therefore intended in the fol construction of the diesel engine truck. lowing claims to cover each such variation and modifi In addition to the advantages of the invention set cation as falls within the true spirit and scope of the forth above, the effect of the invention is: invention.

1. It is possible to make an automobile driven by What is claimed is:

hydrogen only, instead of mixing the hydrogen with 10 1. In an energy system for an engine including means gasoline, i.e. an automobile driven by water. for feeding gasoline to the engine, the improvement 2. In accordance with the invention it is possible to comprising a source of hydrogen, means for mixing drive a motor bicycle, vessel, jet airplane, rocket (solar hydrogen with said gasoline for said engine, and a hy battery is used for power source and water is obtainable drogen controller for controlling the amount of hydro from space) and also to operate an electric power gener gen applied to said controller for being mixed with said ator, aluminum refinement, furnace, iron manufacture, gasoline, 15 said source of hydrogen comprising a hydro gen buffer connected to supply hydrogen directly to burner, etc. by using water.

3. Since energy that has a clean exhaust can be ob said hydrogen controller, and a hydrogen generator tained, such problems as the exhaust gas of automobile connected to supply hydrogen directly to said hydro and exhaust materials from atomic power generation do gen gen buffer during operation of said engine, said hydro controller comprising means for applying hydrogen not occur.

4. A particular liquid such as an electrolytic liquid is to said gasoline at a rate independent of the rate of not required and regular water is usable. Therefore, application of said gasoline to said mixing means, to water is obtainable from water taps and there is no need obtain

the minimum advance for the best torque.

The energy system of claim 1 wherein said hydro of going to a gas station. 25 gen buffer comprises a hydrogen tank. 5. The energy converting ratio is as high as 95%. 3. The energy system of claim 1 wherein said hydro 6. Since the system is small and light and it is also operated by battery and portable, it can be placed in gen4. buffer comprises a hydrogen storage alloy. The energy system of claim 1 wherein said hydro small space such as under the hood of an automobile, gen generator comprises an electrolytic hydrogen appa and is usable for conveyances such as automobiles. 30 atuS.

7. Oxygen obtained together with the hydrogen can 5. The energy system of claim 1 wherein said hydro not only improve the cabin environment of automobile, gen controller is connected to control said amount of etc. but can also prevent traffic accident by preventing hydrogen independently of control of gasoline to said the sleeping of the driver and by improving the driver's engine.

attentiveness. 35 6. An energy system comprising means for generating 8. The invention quickly takes away produced foam hydrogen, means for providing fuel for an engine, mix of hydrogen from film 8 when driving the car or engine, ing means, adjusting means connected to direct hydro and also by placing the water tank 6 at a high position, gen from said generating means to said mixing means, and the method of connecting pipe 9 so that pressure of means for directing said fuel to said mixing means, said water on electrolytic film is increased. Therefore, per 40 mixing means mixing said hydrogen with said fuel to meation of water 1 into electrolytic film 11 is acceler provide a mixed gas for application to the engine, said ated and the electrolytic effect is larger than publicly adjusting means comprising means for adjusting the known. volume of the hydrogen applied to said mixing means as 9. Since the invention can heat water with the semi a function of the load on the engine, independently of conductors used for the power source and at the same 45 said means for providing fuel for said engine, said means time cool semi-conductors, it is superior in efficiency for adjusting said volume of hydrogen comprising an and reduces the size of the apparatus. operator controllable accelerator directly coupled to 10. A rise in water temperature does not flow back control said volume of hydrogen independently of any ward to the side of water tank but is concentrated on the direct control over the flow of said fuel to said engine. side of electrolytic film only. Consequently, the water 50 7. In an energy system for an engine including means temperature can rise effectively with less energy. for feeding gasoline to the engine, the improvement 11. It is possible for the operating voltage to be con comprising a source of hydrogen, means for mixing trolled to be 10% lower by increasing the water temper hydrogen with said gasoline for said engine, and a hy ature. drogen controller for controlling the amount of hydro 12. Electric cars, etc. superior in efficiency can be 55 gen mixed with said gasoline, said source of hydrogen made by the system of the invention, in combination comprising a hydrogen buffer connected to supply hy with the film battery set forth above. drogen directly to said hydrogen controller, and a hy The invention has an ideal effect as a new energy drogen generator connected to supply hydrogen di source and is a revolutionary one, providing the same rectly to said hydrogen buffer during operation of said influence as the industrial revolution caused by James engine, said hydrogen controller comprising means for Watt's steam locomotive. applying hydrogen to said gasoline at a rate to obtain In addition to the above, the invention may be em the minimum advance for the best torque, said hydro ployed with a methanol car, a solar cell car, and electric gen controller being connected to control said amount car, a CNG car, a hydrogen car, a gas turbine car, a of hydrogen independently of control of gasoline to said Sterling cycle engine, a hydro car (electric-diesel), 65 engine, said hydrogen controller further comprising an and a car jointly using LPG, etc. Variations other than operator controllable accelerator. mentioned above are contemplated, and considered to 8. An energy system comprising means for generating be within the scope of the invention. hydrogen, means for providing fuel for an engine, mix

Page 28

ing means, adjusting means connected to direct hydro adjusting means comprising means for adjusting the rate gen from said generating means to said mixing means, of flow of the hydrogen applied to said mixing means as means for directing said fuel to said mixing means, said a function of the MBT ignition timing independently of mixing means mixing said hydrogen with said fuel to said means for providing fuel for said engine. provide a mixed gas for application to the engine, said 5 k is a