This is the final puzzle for me and I haven't quite figured it out yet. At least not that I am aware of. I still have a few tricks up my sleeve for these special occasions but this is starting to get complicated. Well, so it seems... My biggest question though at this point is "How do I know what to look for when a resonant cell is resonating?"
The Resonant Action Stan describes is pretty basic to comprehend, although, I have not a clue as to anything else in the world that bounces particles back and forth like Stan describes. Except for a tubed wind instrument like a flute or clarinet. In our case we have a tube with a rod in the middle of it. how does this affect resonance?
Thinking out loud... Can we get a similar effect with ionized air? Since it is a resonant cavity, I would imagine in resonance, the cell should make a whistling sound. Do the resonant chokes need to be specifically designed to a certain frequency that matches the resonant frequency of the cell?
I need to think about this for a bit. Here is a quote from "Atomic Energy Balance of Water" for review.
Resonant Propagation These highly energized and liberated water bath atoms, now, causes Resonant Action to occur at a progressive rate during continued voltage stimulation ... giving way to the following operational parameters of hydrogen gas production for energy utilization from natural water:
Resonant Action(point of particle oscillation) occurs when applied pulse voltage frequency is adjusted to tune-in" to the Dielectric Resonance of water via voltage Intensifier Circuit whereas, applied voltage amplitude which is independent of Resonance Frequency is adjusted to cause water bath atoms to momentarily enter into Liquid-to-gas ionization state .... ejecting negative charged electrons… forming positive charged atoms having missing electrons ... forming negative charged atoms by electrons capture. Compounding Action(deflection of electrical charged particles) by way of voltage stimulation aids Resonant Action by superimposing particle impact onto to the Electrical Polarization Process.
I think I was understanding this a little backward...
When you get better acquainted with gas ionizers, you may soon come to a realization and a foreshadowing clue to the WFC. When dealing with designing electrode configurations of ionizers, we find if the gap space is too close , it will short out. If the gap is to far the effect is impaired or non-functional. The size of the gap space or spaces, will also be dependent upon the voltage potential level. The higher the voltage, the bigger gap space. We are trying to achieve an optimal coronal discharge just before the dead short threshold where a spark jumps the gap and shorts out the circuit. If you've ever worked with Tesla Coils, auto ignition systems, Jacobs Ladders, or any high voltage circuit that has a spark gap, this will be easy for you.
What was this clue? I began to wonder what would happen to an ionizer if maybe some atomized water from a ultrasonic humidifier passed through the electrodes. Would it break apart the water molecules? I should of known better it would short out. I had to be sure though... I thought to myself,"It sure would be nice if I could find a way to be able to push water droplets through this ionizer without it shorting out." I remembered a bit about the NST we used for a Jacob's Ladder experiment in the works and how the ballast worked. The NST outputs 5Kv 35ma during a closed shorted state. Basically it can sustain a good spark for a long time without destroying the circuit. A ballast is like a current limiter for dead short conditions.
To make a long story short, I finally realized why these resonant chokes had to be in the circuit. Whether it was a transformer or voltage multiplier, this coil has to be there to keep the circuit from shorting out when ever water was present. With the chokes added to the circuit, the spark that normally shorted the circuit, now just intermittently sparked like clockwork and didn't kill the circuit. There was no tuning involved or any math used. I just made a quick small bifilar coil and placed it in the circuit. No holds barred.
I'm going to take a little break before I go into depth with resonant chokes which is gonna take a few words to say. I may not be able to sleep tonight so I'll try to write as much as I can.
I am sad to announce my little brother has died today. My dear Randy, may you rest in peace!
I'm gonna assume you all have a grasp on the ion detector and move on the the intake ionizer design and implementation. We have to take into consideration the amount of air being consumed by the motor and the amount of ionized air our device can make. If our ionizer is using a low powered driver, we won't have enough ions to work with. Remember, the more electrons we can strip off, the higher the electronegativity. Extremely unstable oxygen atoms looking to fill their missing electrons. A good electrode design will incorporate a large surface area formed to a turbine/vortex fashion. This device will have to be electrically isolated to prevent shorts. We won't need a carburetor, so we can somehow attach the ionizer to the intake manifold. Here are a couple of pics with some design ideas...
OK, I will try to keep this as garage tech as possible. Let's start with learning how to make the right type of ionizer. We will need certain tools to make sure we are producing the the desired ions and not the usual ozone. this part is very important. I found a wonderful website outlining the "Ion Detector".
hxxp://www.naturalsolutions1.com/iondetect.htm
Build An Ion Detector and Test Your Negative Ionizer by Vincent Vollono from "Spring 1994 Electronics Hobbyists Handbook"
Ions are defined as electrically charged atoms. Positively charged ions have a deficiency of electrons, and negatively charged ions have a surplus of electrons. An ion can also be classified as an atom or molecule with an electrostatic charge. Another classification of an ion is a charged particle that is formed when one or more electrons are taken from or added to a previously neutral atom or molecule.
The Ion Detector described in this article can be used to detect the presence of free ions in the air. The Ion Detector, a handheld unit about the size of a pack of cigarettes, is designed to indicate ion emissions from Ion Generators, high-voltage leakage points, static-electricity sources, electric-field gradients, and in other situations where the presence of their relative flux density is required.
The front cover features, a sensitivity control with on-off switch, a high flux indicator lamp, and a panel meter. An antenna, mounted on the top of the unit, serves an external ion collector. A strip of metallic foil on the outside of the plastic enclosure touches the users hand and is used to ground the unit. For fixed applications, the strip can be replaced by a wire connected to the ground.
Circuit Description. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the Ion Detector - a rather simple circuit consisting of three transistors (two PN2907 PNP units, and a single PN2222 NPN unit), three resistors, an antenna, and an LED.
In that circuit, a telescoping antenna is used as the pickup. In the presence of an ion field, ions accumulate on the antenna, causing a minute negative current to flow to the base of Q1. Capacitor C1 and resistor R1 form an RC network, whose function is to eliminate any rapid fluctuations. Once the negative current becomes large enough, it causes Q1 to turn on, connecting the negative terminal of battery B1 to the base of Q2. That forward biases Q2, causing it to turn on. That, in turn, couples the base of Q3 to the positive terminal of the battery, forward biases Q3 - whose collector is in series with current-limiting resistor R2 and meter-sensitivity control R3 - causing it to conduct.
With Q3 turned on, meter M1 indicates (in a non-linear manner) the relative level of ion flux, while LED1 (which is connected in series with Q3's emitter) lights to give a visual indication of strong ion fields. It should be noted that in order for the unit to operate properly, some sort of ground is usually required.
Metallic tape is used in the prototype to provide a convenient contact for the users hand, thereby providing a partial ground. If possible, such as when the unit is used as a monitor at a permanent location, the detector should be grounded to a water pipe, or some other convenient grounding point.
The detector is set up to detect negative ions. It can be made to detect positive ions by simply reversing the polarity of the transistors that comprise the circuit, i.e., PNP units become NPN units, and NPN transistor is replaced by a PNP unit. It should not that the performance of the detector is seriously affected by high humidity. Damp or moist air tends to impair the circuits ability to detect ion flux.
The Ion Detector can be used to give a quick indication of the presence of a negative ion field, aid in identifying its source, and indicate its relative strength, but it is not designed to provide an absolute measurement of flux intensity. The circuit can also be used to aid in making adjustments to ion sources, by noting the meter's needle deflection as you attempt to increase or decrease ion emissions. The Ion Detector can also be used to ferret out residual ion fields, check for ion leakage (in shielding tests, for example), or to test for static charges (in people's clothes, fluorescent lighting, plastic containers, certain winds, etc.), along with a host of other applications.
( Our Note: R1 We could not find a 100-megohn resister. We used (5) 20-megohn resisters in SERIES to get a Series total of 100-megohms.)
ADDITIONAL PARTS AND MARTERIALS Perfboard materials, plastic enclosure, 9-volt battery holder and connector, wire, solder, hardware, etc.
Construction. The author's prototype of the Ion Detector was assembled on a section of perfboard, using point-to-point wiring for inter component connections. Pay close attention to the orientation of the polarized components (diodes, transistors, electrolytic capacitors, etc.), as well as the polarization of the DC source that will power the circuit when assembling the circuit. It is very important that you verify all your interconnecting wiring.
It is highly recommended that the circuit be enclosed in a plastic project box. Once the circuit is completed, a 1/2 inch wide strip of aluminum is attached to the side of the enclosure, and is then connected to the circuit board (at the junction of C1, the positive lead of the panel meter, and the positive terminal of the battery) as shown in Fig. 1. The aluminum strip serves as the circuit's grounding point. The grounding strip can be replaced or supplemented by a wired alligator clip for connection to a "true" earth ground ( a water pipe, for instance).
The author used a telescoping antenna as the ion pickup in his prototype unit; however, a piece of stiff wire (a wire hanger, for example) would also work. In either case, the antenna must be electronically isolated; i.e., it should not be connected to ground in any way. Note that S1 (the on-off switch) is piggy-backed to potentiometer R3 (a 5K potentiometer that serves as the meter's sensitivity control). You can also use a potentiometer with a piggy-back switch or use two separate components.
For meter M1, the author used a small 100-mA panel meter; using a meter with a rating other than that specified may affect the performance of the unit. It is also important to remember that any leakage around the input of Q1 will reduce the circuit's sensitivity. To help prevent (or at least reduce) leakage, the circuit can be coated with a high-quality varnish. If you decide to coat the circuit, make sure that the unit is completely clean and dry before applying the varnish.
Use. To demonstrate the unit's sensitivity, run a plastic comb through your hair, and place it near the antenna of the Ion Detector. Making sure that the unit is grounded (either by the user touching the aluminum strip or by connecting an earth ground to the circuit), bring the comb near the antenna. As the comb is brought near the antenna, you'll note a needle deflection on the meter (indicating the presence of ions), and LED1 lights. As the detector is brought closer to the ion source, the meter needle should deflect harder. If the needle deflects too hard (pegs), R3 can be adjusted to bring the meter reading on scale. That's all there is to it. While the Ion Detector is not a precision instrument, it can come in handy in your workshop or laboratory.
Please Note: When using to check Negative Ionizer generator operation, NEVER let the antenna of the ion detector touch needle tips of ionizer. If the Negative Ionizer is working and producing alot of negative ions, it will show up on the Ion Detector as far away as 1 to 10 feet from the Negative Ionizing unit.
Ozone(O3) is the opposite of what we are looking for. O3 is a negative ion or anion since it has extra electrons. We want to strip electrons from the atom making it a positive ion or cation. The hydrogen atom will also be positive without it's electron, giving us the advantage of all atoms repelling each other, inhibiting premature combustion or reformation back into water. Sort of a nice perk, eh? No need to worry about any corrosive effects with metals or hydrogen embrittlement either.
Komtek, In my opinion, if a person was dedicated enough to build a fully working water powered car, he would be better off making an offer for the original and restoring it. For a poor man's sake, you would be better off converting a small 5hp motor. Driving your car to work with just water in the tank in the near future is not a realistic goal. It can be a realistic goal, but not for one man. I do have a little gem for you though if you care to have a gander.
OK, I have established in short the methods I believe Stan used. Positively charged intake air(ionized), liquid to gas ionization(cell), and exhaust gas recirculation, are the three main components working in tandem. Allow me to offer you an inexpensive device that has all three of these components and can be built over a weekend. you can have it for as little as $50.00, prices will vary depending on the motor or engine being retrofitted. But wait! There's more! Thousands have used this retrofit already and we have testimonial after testimonial showing that this device works! Whats the catch? It isn't a WFC exactly. it's a GEET! Think about that for a bit and let me read your comments.
I got a second wind and would like to add a bit about the combustion and how Stan found the bigger bang for less. In short, the nucleus. Those eight protons in the middle of the oxygen atom. It is possible to pull these particles apart. Even just a little tug will provide an extreme amount of energy. Stan describes it in the document "The Atomic Energy Balance of Water". I noticed in this document he chose to use the word "Universal Energy" where others would say "Aether" or "Scalar Energy". I can't say I have any supporting evidence of this nor do I have any reference to compare to. I do know of the advances in Superdeformation of Nuclei. A quote from this page... hxxp://www.halexandria.org/dward164.htm Although, it may not be relevant. You be the judge.
Nuclei are considered to be superdeformed when the nucleus acquires an elongated shape that can be represented as an approximate ellipsoid where the ratio of the long to short axis is considerably larger than 1.3 to 1. [1] Greiner and Sandulescu [2] have discussed in some detail how superasymmetric, superdeformed nuclei can spontaneously fission. In these cases, the deformation is sufficiently extreme that the once spherical nucleus more closely resembles a bowling pin (but without the flat bottom). While fission reactions are rare, their occurrence does emphasize the degree to which nuclear deformation can reach.
Nuclear deformation is of interest for many reasons, but in the case of the precious metals, it is particularly important when these metals reach a condition of being a microcluster [3], or more significantly become monoatomic (not connected to like atoms). In the case of microclusters being deposited in thin films, they can function as superconductors. If one adds high spin to these monoatomic elements, the orbits of nucleons and electrons are reconfigured -- i.e. Orbitally Rearranged Monoatomic Elements (ORME).
The Collective Model of the nucleus maintains that “the outer part of the nucleus can deform when the outer nucleons move with respect to the nucleons of the inner nucleus.” This model is similar to a liquid drop model. These deformations, however, require that “the nucleus gain or lose energy.” [2] The degree to which the shape of the nucleus reacts to the change in energy is strongly dependent upon the element in question. Some nuclei are considered to be playing hard ball, while others are referred to as soft nuclei.
As the electrons and their orbits are warped into toward the nucleus, the protons in the nucleus are more attracted to the closer electrons, and the result is nuclear deformation (but one which warps the nuclei into an alignment in the same direction as the force -- instead of the perpendicularly oriented electronic orbits). Such nuclear superdeformations and similar phenomena in electrons may be conducive to the formation of Cooper pairs. And with Cooper pairs comes Superconductivity.
The essence of the ORME theory is that one is dealing with high-spin, superdeformed nuclei, whose electrons form Cooper pairs, and thus the monoatomic elements become a beam of light, a superconducting medium. Experiments with Fullerenes (clusters of 60 Copper atoms) have, when doped with Potassium, yielded superconductors (especially when imperfections are smoothed away by repeated heating and cooling. This variable sequence of annealing allows the material to reach its ideal state.
In strongly rotating, superdeformed nuclei, Shimizu and Broglia [4] have suggested that “superconductivity should disappear for particles in the quantal size effects (QSE’s) regime, when the energy difference between two discrete one-electron states is comparable to the energy gap of the superconducting state. This means that small superconductors with fewer than 104 to 105 electrons as, e.g., atomic nuclei should be strongly affected by quantal size effects.” Conversely, with fewer and fewer electrons, as one approaches the microcluster, and ultimately the monoatomic state, the superdeformed rotational bands contribute to the pairing correlations in nuclei.
In a separate paper, Shimizu, et al, [5] have noted that, “The most collective phenomenon displayed by the many-body nuclear system is independent particle motion, where all nucleons adjust their motions so that each proton and neutron move independently in an average field. Striking regularities are associated with this phenomenon: for example, the appearance of large gaps in the single-particle system and of ‘magic’ numbers for both protons and neutrons leading to especially stable systems, known as closed shell nuclei.”
The distinction between so-called closed shell nuclei and those of the Precious Metals is noteworthy. On the one hand, the precious elements, the Transition Elements of Group VIII in the Periodic Table of the Elements, have numbers of nucleons radically distinct from those elements having the closed shells predicted by Nuclear Shell Structure theory. The latter shows closures when the number of nucleons are 2, 8, 20, 28, 40, 50, 82, 126, and 184. On the other hand, the number of protons for Ruthenium through Silver are 44 through 47 (i.e. midway between 40 and 50); while Osmium through Gold has 76 through 79. The numbers for neutrons of say, Rhodium 103 is 58; while Iridium 191 or 193, has 114 or 116 neutrons. These are clearly distinct from the closed shells.
On the other hand, Argon 38, which has a chemically closed shell for electrons (and is thus considered one of the inert gases -- i.e. little if any tendency toward chemical reactions -- also exhibits a closed shell of 20 neutrons, but does not have a closed shell of protons (18). While this does not lead to superdeformation or superconductivity, it does, for reasons not readily explainable, cause Argon to be apparently critical as an impurity in air in the case of Sonoluminiscence. Also, Calcium 40 has closed nuclear shells of protons and neutrons and is thus extremely stable from a nuclear viewpoint -- even though with two electrons to share, it is chemically quite active.
“The discovery of superdeformed rotational bands during the past years opens a new chapter in the study of nuclei under conditions of extreme deformations and angular momenta.” “The spectra of rapidly rotating nuclei reveal two distinct components in the buildup of the total angular momentum, corresponding to alignment of orbital angular momentum of individual particles and to collective rotation.” [5]
I.e. Spin is important! Furthermore, this is the same angular momentum which is critical to Hyperdimensional Physics -- and if you really want to get right down to it, probably all aspects of Connective Physics. By the simple expedient of rotating a nucleus (where the total number of nucleons is more than 150) to the point of superdeformation, it is thus possible to encounter spontaneous fission. But if the latter is possible, then a meshing of these superdeformed nuclei may result in the nuclei themselves become superconducting. Part of the reason for the latter is due to superextreme accelerations and deaccelerations, which are in turn the key elements of The Fifth Element, Sonoluminescence, and potentially Hyperdimensional Physics as well.
Surprise! All of the physics is interrelated, and everything is connected. But you’ve figured that out by now, right? So, if you’re so smart, why aren’t you outside playing?
Additional information on this subject -- in the event of really lousy weather outside -- is included in the Scientific Literature, and annotated description of the peer-reviewed, highly relevant journal articles on the fascinating subject of ORME and all of it s related and supporting physics and biology.
There are two basic topologies that can be utilized for gas ionization purposes. The first, such as Tesla's patent shows is the typical transformer and the motor is a dual function of driving the fan and rectification of the secondary. In our case we can use a diode or bridge in it's place if practical. The second is the "Voltage Multiplier" or originally known as a "Cockcroft–Walton generator". The latter circuitry is what you will find in almost all air ionizers sold today. The circuit is rather simple to understand and build, plus, they sell inexpensive kits online on a variety of websites. $15.00 and some assembly required. The cheapest assembled kit I know of can be found @ amazing1.com if you care to look. I have the exact same version as the one sold @ amazing1 although it came pre-built which leaves out the option of reversing the circuitry's polarity. I will have to purchase another and all I have to do is install the diodes in backwards. That's it! For measuring of the ions being emitted by the two devices, I will have to build an ion detector which is also a kit available @ amazing1. I also think it is possible the ion detector will be able to detect ions from the gasses produced from my demo cell, if there is any at all.
A good air ionizer does not need a fan. There is a magnetohydrodynamic effect that is produced by these devices. It is best known as an "Ionic Wind". The same is true with water. This technology has been shown by Stan in a drawing(which I can't find right now) of how he could move water through a looping pipe and a single cell fixed inside the loop. Think MHD drive like the ones used in the movie "Red October". And of course, the EPG units are based on the underlying technology also. Exit port tapering is another fine detail Stan utilized.
Another invention I found to be the reciprocal of ionizing gasses to the point of combustion, are the devices invented to extinguish or limit the oxidation reaction of fire/plasma. This Biefeld-Brown Effect cools by absorbing ions produced by plasma such as a simple gas torch flame. This technology is used for welding when a certain temperature has to be maintained during the welding of certain materials.
So, all in all, what do all these relative devices have in common? They all are design to either capture or accelerate particles! "No one ever thought of using a particle accelerator" Stan Meyer quoted from the New Zealand videos.
Nitrogen. what little I know about nitrogen is the by-product nitrogen oxide being produced in ICE's without the aid of an EGR(exhaust gas recirculation) system. Sound familiar? Another Wiki quote...
In internal combustion engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions reduction technique used in most petrol/gasoline and diesel engines.
EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. In a gasoline engine, this inert exhaust displaces the amount of combustible matter in the cylinder. This means the heat of combustion is less, and the combustion generates the same pressure against the piston at a lower temperature. In a diesel engine, the exhaust gas replaces some of the excess oxygen in the pre-combustion mixture.
Because NOx formation progresses much faster at high temperatures, EGR reduces the amount of NOx the combustion generates. NOx forms primarily when a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen is subjected to high temperature.
I admit, I have never pondered the idea of ionized nitrogen until recently when it was brought up in another thread. I am certain nitrogen plays a part in the over all process, though, I don't know enough of it yet to make any suitable comment or opinion.
I think the foam is a good thing! It's possible that when the bubbles are circulated back though the tubes the gases may be ionized. It takes about 20Kv to ionize oxygen but, on the other hand, hydrogen can be easily ionized around 12-15V. I have no real proof this is what may be happening as the bubbles recirculate through the cell until I find an ion detector for an actual measurement of some sort. Also, pressure may have a role in the overall process. Thank you for the frequency measurements!
Steve, great questions from you, crappy answers from Peter. It seems the thread has started to migrate towards the usual endless banter of opinions with absolutely no new information at all. I am curious as to why you think he knows any more about what you are looking for than you or the other patrons in this forum? In my opinion, this site is the best of them all and should be considered as the first stop for any pertinent information. This is a "Doer's" site as well as great documentation, not to mention, great discussions. Besides, black is my favorite color too. Much easier on my eyes in the dark.
I think the cheapest and easiest way for pulse width modulation or signal generation is just shelling out 150 dollars for a decent lab grade unit. If I had known this before I bought the Lawton circuit for the same price, I would have gone with a nice one with tons of options and an LED readout. I found one on eBay for 130 not too long ago. The Lawton circuit works great too, I just like the extra bells and whistles. Unless your replicating, how the signal is generated is really not an issue.
Donald's answer still applies. If you are able to tune your camshaft to gasoline, you would not need to change anything if you just used the exhaust gasses to adjust the burn rate of the HHO to the same as gasoline. If you do not do this, then yes, you would be much better off modifying your valve timing. I would think it much easier with EGR, but that is a personal call on any given situation.
Yes, you can change the timing to just after top dead center to accommodate the burn rate of HHO. Two problems arise... The HHO is more of a percussionary combustion than an incindiary like gasoline. Like you have seen before, it is relatively simple to run a motor on HHO until you put a load on it or try to throttle it. HHO has a small combustion window compared to gasoline making it difficult to keep the proper air/fuel mix ratio. HHO needs to be a 2:1 ratio or it won't combust. The other problem is the low torque which can be remedied with water injection much like they already do in race and performance vehicles. Address these issues and you may have a winner! Good luck!
In internal combustion engines, water injection, also known as anti-detonant injection, is spraying water into the cylinder or incoming fuel-air mixture to cool the combustion chambers of the engine, allowing for greater compression ratios and largely eliminating the problem of engine knocking (detonation). This effectively increases the octane rating of the fuel, meaning that performance gains can be obtained when used in conjunction with a supercharger, turbocharger, altered spark ignition timing, and other modifications. Increasing the octane rating allows for a higher compression ratio which increases the power output and efficiency of the engine. Depending on the engine, improvements in power and fuel efficiency can also be obtained solely by injecting water.[1] Water injection may also be used to reduce NOx or carbon monoxide emissions.
I am not saying it can't be done, it may be doing it already for all I know. It's just weird to think of heating water with something that turns into water. The opposite would be akin to, fighting fire with fire...
Very good point! Although, the water itself will prevent that from happening. For example, a pot of water can be heated with temperatures high enough to melt the pot, but the pot will not melt until all the water has boiled way. If you have ever had the luxury of owning a vehicle with an aluminum head and have had a sudden loss of coolant from something like a radiator hose rupture, you will find very quickly that the aluminum will warp when the vehicle is allowed to run without any coolant. Water has a lower boiling point than aluminum, and aluminum has a lower boiling point than steel. Point being, heat will remain at the level of the lowest boiling point of used materials until that material has boiled or burned away, then climb to the next level of the remaining materials in succession with the respective boiling points.
OK! I got it! Thank you for pointing that out. I was confused for a bit, until I saw Bob's name at the bottom. I was starting to wonder what you and Potchen had going on and the words didn't seem like your normal writing style. Thanks Steve!
