Horvath Patents Allowed Engine To Run On Water Improved Electrolysis Efficiency
Started by unknown · · 33 posts · last reply 19 September 2025
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#1 · date not recorded
I studied the Horvath Patents for a long time,way back, and understand the circuits. A duplication does not need a new cast carburetor and machined spoked electrodes as in Patent. The Electrical circuit is just a beefed up capacitor discharge ignition for MAIN POWER, with improved efficiency electrolysis for hydrogen and oxygen at 40 amps, 450 watts battery draw. The spark plugs are changed to zero ohms racing type or just get Champion brand with same reach threads and remove resistor from top, and replace with bit of #12 copper wire segment. The gases flow from water safety can to a "spud in jet" as fitting on side of old 1 barrel carburetor at the venturi point. This beveled copper tube + farrow seal cap was also used on small engines on propane conversion without the expensive type kit purchase. Read Patent 3980053, then I can answer you about how it works. A 1994 Chevy Geo Metro 3 cylinder engine with fuel system injector replaced with a used, single barrel Carter carburetor would suffice. You make an aluminum plate adapter. It has a distributor that can be adjusted for timing. The Patent transformer core size was given, so as I had enlarged photo on copy machine to get size of other parts.Substitutes can be used when ordering parts as long as the necessary design systems are included. The on time of current pulses was 42 microseconds out of 100.. 1 / F = Period of frequency.10khz = 100 microseconds time. The duty cycle of oscillator was .006. 22 amps cap discharge = 300V DC X square root of 1microfarad / 185 microhenries coil of TR2 primary.. Frequency of pulses to SCR was 10,000 cycles. Tr1 FERRITE type transformer charges up the capacitor to 300v AC. Diodes added for full wave DC..Main capacitor HAS TO BE ONLY polypropylene 1MFD AT 1000 VOLTS DC type as LOW esr. The 22 was amps into primary of TR2. The secondary side was 10:1 ratio. The fast switch SCR is only the high frequency type like a GE model 35 amp. The reverse pulse on the primary side circuit of TR2 shuts off SCR inbetween pulses automatically. The 200A cell pulses creates more Hydrogen with the aid of magnetic field.The TR2 secondary uses NO DIODE RECTIFIER as the pulses ARE called "critical positive wave" with core as laminations, for the high frequency , instead of ferrite. This causes degraded pulse wave as positive DC. Get laminations from take apart microwave old transformer. You would build NARROW rectangle box of high temperature Gray pvc plates. . Two SS magnetic type plates and metal strips to add to each for spokes. The large Alnico or small multiple STRONG Neodymium magnets get taped to outside of box. N + S on opposite sides box. The cover gets holes for various brass fittings. Cut out rectangle rubber seal and drilled + tapped holes for cover screws.Magnetic Field is between the electrode strip gaps under water. The Oxygen and Hydrogen gaseous bubbles rise up and transfer to special brass wool type fast one way valve before entering the safety water can. Water cell should use baking soda with distilled water, so as no cleaning of container minerals build up. The Metro engine compartment is LARGE and has plenty room to work. Engine could also be put on engine stand, but you would need the Bell housing because the starter motor mounts there.. The car called Geo Metro XFI model with 3cyl did get the highest gas mileage of any car- 52MPG. In Canada it was called the Firefly. Don't forget to buy test meters such as LCR tester. The Analog type face + needle multimeters will measure volts at high frequency, not digital. Float valve attached to cover and small DC water pump, white plastic plug in breadboard for oscillator, ect, you get the idea. I have the sheet of proof reading corrections from poor Patent examiner mistakes. -
#2 ·
Nice!
I am still in for continuing the Horvarth cell setup....
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#3 · date not recorded
You should study the Horvath US Patent - 1976 - 3980053 about adding magnetic field to magnetic electrodes for Hydrogen generation using 600watt capacitor Discharge Power supply at 10khz. 200amp pulses DC from critical positive wave as DC without rectifier. First transformer is ferrite core, second is laminations low frequency.
SPECULATION-- changed to narrow plastic box with exterior magnets with internal MAGNETIC TYPE SS plates with ribs facing each other's electrodes. Improved efficiency electrolysis as overunity, running car engine on water tank. Plates and ribs have manually roughened knurling and single barrel Carter used carburetor that has a spud in jet mounted at venturi point. - just like in the olden days of propane conversion of small engines. Machined aluminum adapter 1/8" plate made to match manifold to carter carb. (Special cast new carb not needed and gases separation screen not needed. Fuel upon demand going to safety water can and one way valve.!)
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#4 ·
I had long time back made up a revision sheet for the Patent office proof reading mistakes, typos, on the issued Horvath Patent, 3980053 by line number. This Patent is one of the very few that was nearly and accurately complete.Some part numbers have been superseded , as for instance SCR to IRF pass transistor N channel MOSFET . Full wave DC can be either 2 diodes or 4 diodes. There are 2 duty cycles as on oscillator bread board and also the water cell duty cycle. .006 and .42. Transformer TR1 is best made with Ferrite core set as EE type with plastic bobbin. As long as the basic design is adhered to, minor changes could be made. 450 watts power draw at 40 amps as beefed up CDI power supply, will operate 4 cylinder engine , and best done with older year vehicle without computer control. I was quite amazed with the Horvath design, -- of the low volts output type, rather than his other high volts output type or the third one as radiation tube mounted in center of water cell. I have all the old general newspaper articles photocopies on his invention shown to public. The 10khz pulser that allows DC pulses of capacitor discharges, formed Hydrogen and Oxygen gases fuel with efficiency increase from the spoked- directed magnetic field.applied..
I was enthused at the time, with the 1994 Geo Metro 3 cylinder car for a conversion.(42MPG) Lots of under hood space to work and exchange fuel injector for used Carter single barrel carburetor. 1994 on, Geo Metros had better, stronger metal frame chassis.I put one of those engines on a homemade engine stand on casters. The computer box and cables controlled ignition still worked and the bell housing was needed as the starter mounted there. The engine was still verified starting with Ether spray in the air intake of fuel injector. Buy a used one from out of state,-- not in the rust belt states. Down south or out West. My old van was special ordered from Colorado with $400 shipping charge- All clean steel underneath no brown rust. -
#5 ·
You should study the Horvath US Patent - 1976 - 3980053 about adding magnetic field to magnetic electrodes for Hydrogen generation using 600watt capacitor Discharge Power supply at 10khz. 200amp pulses DC from critical positive wave as DC without rectifier. First transformer is ferrite core, second is laminations low frequency.
SPECULATION-- changed to narrow plastic box with exterior magnets with internal MAGNETIC TYPE SS plates with ribs facing each other's electrodes. Improved efficiency electrolysis as overunity, running car engine on water tank. Plates and ribs have manually roughened knurling and single barrel Carter used carburetor that has a spud in jet mounted at venturi point. - just like in the olden days of propane conversion of small engines. Machined aluminum adapter 1/8" plate made to match manifold to carter carb. (Special cast new carb not needed and gases separation screen not needed. Fuel upon demand going to safety water can and one way valve.!)
Thanks
I already have the cell setup and the lamitated core that fits in there also.
The rest still has to be made.
I did some experiments with magnetisme and i seen the ions in the waterbath running for their lifes.....
cheers! -
#6 · date not recorded
The Horvath Patent shows how each stage works and gives part numbers, which today, can be superseded by more modern parts. A manufactured carb is not necessary and single barrel carb like the Carter, can be used with a side spud in jet, and aluminum adapter spacer under carb to mate to intake manifold. . The separation SS screens are not necessary. The output gases go through a mesh and then to a FAST check valve and on further to a safety water can with pop off cap. The second transformer TR2 has LAMINATIONS., not ferrite like TR1. The high frequency primary pulse of approx 22 Amp goes out as a CRITICAL POSITIVE DAMPED WAVE and without a diode on the SECONDARY side. The high frequency comes out and goes to a low efficiency low frequency core, and changes to a PLUS wave for DC without a diode. The center magnetic electrode was made in a machine shop using a FLYCUTTER tool on adjustable drilling machine..
The whole set up seemed too fancy for me, so years ago I looked into a cheaper, better way of electrolysis cell construction. High temp gray PVC thick sheets cut to make NARROW rectangular box with 6 sides and removable top. Very narrow, just to fit in 2 magnetic, knurled plates with knurled strips screwed on for flutes. The set of STEEL plates with knurling and flutes was sent to machine shop for electroplating with NICKEL. Narrow working gap in exact center of cell and mounted with SS screws. Large, strong, flat permanent magnets N + S on each side taped on with duct tape. The magnetic field at flute tips face each other at cell center, and the water space in between. The float module mounts on end with spacer baffle. The needed adjustable vacuum switch is now $42, or can use several cheaper used ones from junk yard of foreign cars. Lift hoods, and look on inner fender or on firewall .Look for the screw adjustment and wire connectors to identify as proper ones. The duty cycle of oscillator was .006 The duty cycle of cell operating was .42. 1/F = Period of cycle. duty cycle is on time / period time. Duty cycle of Inverter stage 50% or .5. The use of old style SCR allows for automatic shut off for the next pulse. I believe it was a GE 35 amp, 600v and high frequency only. This type of design of cell uses static type magnetic fields - not pulsing field. You need scientific calculator, inductor test meter, and analog needle type multimeter to be able to measure high frequency volts. Practice with formula for the cap discharge into TR2 primary coil of transformer. I pulse amps = E volts times square root of C farads divided by L Henries. 22A = 300 X square root of .000001 Farad / L. L = 1 / .005377 = 186 times 10 to the minus 6th Henries or 186 microhenries of primary winding of proper gauge insulated magnet wire. Resonance frequency LC = 1 / 6.28 times square root of L X C. Therefore, 1/2 of this is the positive waveform or 42 microseconds as the discharge of C5 into primary inductance L. Pulse width cell on time is 42 microseconds out of 100 microseconds.
To get a size of parts as in Patent, we knew the size of TR2 core. I put patent photo on adjustable photo copier machine, to get measurements of actual size of cell parts by various enlargements.
(Just the use of magnets can make hydrogen from water without wires or electricity!) You should already know this. If you don't, then write back. -
#7 ·
Why did you put the danforth info in there? -
#8 · date not recorded
An optional method of making HORVATH TYPE magnetic spoked electrodes for use with PULSED magnetic system, could be using a section of steel exhaust pipe with drilled holes around edge. Steel square rod would be sawed to several same lengths and screwed on to the pipe. Either the flutes need to be ground down on stone wheel with vise grips separately, so as somewhat pointed, or whole unit put together first and held against the grinder wheel. The electrode unit would then be sent out to machine shop for Nickel electroplating. The outer steel ring with vertical steel strips attached would be sent out the same time for plating. Also, a galvanize steel pipe nipple with end screw threads can have PVC screw caps fit on to hold transformer-- out of the water solution. I did knurling on my flat plates electrodes and flutes. The rough surface allows quicker release of gas ions in solution. Some guys use coarse sandpaper cross ways, as easier/cheaper method. Just a few more notes I forgot to add.. -
#9 · date not recorded
It is also possible that the manuscript submitted to Patent office by Horvath was published as is. This would include the 2 pages of proofreading errors I had found, INCLUDED as designed in, to deter the commoners, from any duplication. Quality technicians and Engineers can follow the write-up and fully understand the flow of details. I said the device was used for improved efficiency of electrolysis of water to hydrogen. The Patent said so. The complete explanation STEP BY STEP is in the Patent write up with a parts list. The 2 transformers in circuit were hand assembled as pertinent only for that circuit. The Inverter is NOT similar to the old style methodology, due to the type of reversed rectification used. The DIRECTED magnetic field pulses SPEED UP the ions across the water gap of spoked electrodes. The PULSING METHOD of DC to the electrodes promotes the charged ions stuck to surfaces to be immediately released, and flow upward, better than straight DC. ( THE Archie Blue Patent uses small pumped in air that does a CLEAN SWEEP of ions off of the aluminum perforated stack of discs electrodes in vertical cell. His 3 cars ran on water with 40amp battery draw.) The heat from laminations heats the water to speed up electrolysis. Instant generation of fuel gases as H+H+ O-- ionized and not H2+O2, contains higher energy content If FIRED right away in engine. You did not read / study US Patent 3980053 for free Internet on line, to grasp the significance of this invention. A firm does not expend $5000 for attorney fees to process Patent application without substantial merit. Engineer Horvath's first 2 patents related were similar but differed as to final output of either low voltage or high voltage. His last Patent referred to Magnetron radiation tube in water cell center ALSO delivering sufficient hydrogen fuel. The final take on this overall, is that several special parts as described are not really necessary, and are there just to deter people from trying to duplicate the system. His self running car at 40 amps power draw, was public demonstrated several times and in local newspaper New Zealand. -
#10 ·
Horvath Patented his process in 1976, of forming electrical conversion circuit to power car engines. The very small well known CDI unit, - Capacitor discharge Ignition is normally low power to run the engine ignition coil. Horvath BEEFED it up for 450 WATTS to make Hydrogen fuel , in cell, as IMPROVED EFFICIENCY electrolysis. Cars run on water to hydrogen gas fuel and standard alternator recharges battery 40 amps. I studied the whole thing in depth. 200 pulse amps, magnetic field, field directed to electrodes, heat contained, 2 magnetic nickel plated electrodes, both gases used at once, no tank storage, - fuel upon demand. The 22 pulse amps per pulse is 10,000 times per second with step down transformer for 30 volts 200 amps pulses applied . 1uf at 300v DC capacitor with modern MOSFET pass transistor, charged from Inverter Tr1 transformer and passed to TR2 transformer. Water only in fuel tank. Electrolyte solution conducts heavy current. No output large diode as waveform on scope is called Critical Positive Wave,because the discharge is high frequency , but applied to a low frequency steel laminations core, - not Ferrite!!! U.S. Patent read on line ,- 3980053
P.S. A factory special cast carb is not necessary. A used carter single barrel one can be used with a "spud in jet' at the venturi point on side of carb. (same thing as used on propane conversions of small engines years ago.) Special screen not necessary to separate gases areas, since a safety water can would be used between engine and main cell, along with normal flashback arrester. -
#11 ·
The circuit diagram in the Horvath patent has a list of components which are available online for anyone who wants to build that circuit.
Here is Stephen Horvath and his 1974 Ford Fairlane.
attachment_17249 horvath 1974 ford fairlane.jpg
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#12 ·
thats a nice picture!
Thank you. -
#13 ·
There used to be more pics on the net showing the car for public demonstration, 1979 or 1980 but I can't find any now. -
#14 ·
wayback machine....
Joh Bjelke Petersen and Stephen Horvath. The engine has an Impco Gas carb
attachment_17251 2025-08-28.png
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#15 ·
The Engineer Horvath had 3 related Patents for hydrogen from water auto conversions. Final cell as low voltage , another at high voltage with same instilled circuit, and the more elaborate water cell with central radiation Magnetron tube.Photos do not tell which type was displayed. I studied the low volts model and typed out page of proof reading errors not caught .Patents designs included obvious non essential parts to deter people from replication, - such as cast special carburetor, large diameter cell, interior - rather than external transformer.
Outer box strong magnets on sides of narrow cell would suffice to speed ions . I had 2 steel plates knurled rough with matching flutes nickel plated at machine shop.. They would face each other in narrow gap. High temp gray PVC plates measured for cell + removable cover. Source for free distilled water would still be needed. -
#16 ·
https://www.ebay.com/itm/226954029998?_skw=lpg+carb&itmmeta=01K46VHVWWBPD6EGR5RNPRSDNB&hash=item34d783abae:g:5PIAAeSwdw1otr1v&itmprp=enc%3AAQAKAAAA4FkggFvd1GGDu0w3yXCmi1durVFe6sHfoNFeeuK7uokgV%2FmrQpM%2BuWEp8FVMbzHb4N0azXE4g01iYG0g%2Bs2XSgBo2u3EJS8KuezkE%2FjpMNXSTIh9Prryd%2B9CYFi3RzSLYxLrwovI1qJbJozLU71C4pvbonpR3drEoJ3MGMwhImMOtGwSWYwk6bRA1p1kfvtbhGaNmwHeOolfqbUztRjGLPC3kF4wuXCDA2WbbBUww3HuSe5X1TTVeaiJ%2FYZvFznca49AhRXxaJV2zcSYNAR2nnWTQJXFaF0IYw8bPRfbfkXM%7Ctkp%3ABk9SR9a-x9uhZg&pfm=1
Horvath has Impco gas carbs in those photos. Easy to find on ebay. Carbs/Mixers and regulators. -
#17 · date not recorded
The Nuclear fusion conversion conversation in video was wrong. That's not what it was . Just greatly improved Radiolysis of water to hydrogen + oxygen gas fuel method #3. . The#1 and #2 low + high volts designs were not shown.
Horvath had 3 established Patents on high efficiency made hydrogen gas electrical circuits. One was Magnetron glass radiation tube in water cell center. The other two were low volts out and high volts out to water cell . Two were VERY similar to your well known CDI that fires the ignition coil primary side. He beefed it up for 450Watts for the cell, while the alternator recharges battery , about 40 amps. He added efficiency measures to cell such as magnetic field and pulse flowing ions. 200A pulses to electrolysis cell at 30v DC. About 45% duty cycle cell. Designed in high frequency put to low frequency iron laminations core transformer TR2 , so as no diode needed, - called positive Critical Wave Form. READ the Patent on line and print it out for study later. Things were added not necessary so as to discourage others from duplication such as special machined carburetor, and separation screens for gases. The old style SCR switch is now replaced with MOSFET. The Inverter transistors as Bipolar type is replaced with Mosfet. The type Inverter is now changed to the "IC driven " type for on+ off switching of current 50% duty cycle. The oscillator frequency is adjustable which gives the wattage wanted. Three cars were converted to water, 6yl, and( 2) 4cyl engines. Hydrogen gas is the fuel of our future . Read # 3980053 1976 . Old electrical parts list was included. -
#18 ·
The Horvath Ford Fairlane 500 has a V8. The patent # 3980053, 1976 has been read by thousands of people, for 5 decades. There is no circuit or usable description.
Anyone can copy that circuit using the parts listed or modern equivalents.
Horvath did not show his circuit diagram to anyone. He did not give it away to the public and it is not on the internet.
Horvath Stephen can be found in Australian patent search https://ipsearch.ipaustralia.gov.au/patents/ Star Scientific Ltd
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#19 · date not recorded
The radiation Radiolysis Magnetron glass tube and permanent magnets schematic circuit for Mr. Horvath Patent 4107008 , 1978, is regarding the Ford V8 Fairlane conversion of water to hydrogen gas. The drawings, schematic diagram , and operation means description is there. This is what was used. (Not nuclear Fusion apparatus which was just said for the non technical public + wild advertising) This was an update 50% efficiency improvement over his original, earlier, Radyolysis design, 30,000v as Patent 3954592 1976..
I just preferred his earlier design using low voltage and pulse 200 pulse amps to small water cell. Patent 3954592 was the change of transformer TR2 to high voltage output 30kv, instead of low voltage, the Patent 3980053 design that I personally liked.
I took measurement from Patent, then enlarged photo with photocopier to get the actual size of the cell , based on dimensions of laminations center bar transformer TR2 core. .The iron laminations was used of course,on the input fast high frequency , to be able to get higher quality DC from pulse without using heat wasting large rectifier diode.attachment_17253 attachment_17255 attachment_17257 Horvath.jpg Horvath 2.jpg Horvath 3.jpg
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#20 · date not recorded
It is a PATENT not a kit set circuit plan with detailed explanation.
It would be cheaper for Horvath to give away the 'secret' and save himself a lot of money. He did not give away his circuit diagram to anyone.
https://permies.com/t/160102/a/245079/Horvath-circuit-CDI-600W.jpg
would you give away a circuit diagram and then pay for a patent?
Stephen Horvath wanted to make money as everyone has to.
Is anyone selling Horvath circuit board kit sets online today?
Did Horvath run cars on water? I say YES!
Did he show how? Why would he?
The same applies to Stan Meyer
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#21 · date not recorded
Just more tech data.- US Patent 3980053 contains parts list I went over carefully. There are a few proofreading mistakes and a couple parts in parts list were wrong. The Author didn't want the unit duplicated, so as some electronic parts were changed. The main UJT oscillator should be R1 Pot 25Kohm , capacitor as .006uf, R2 as 100ohm. This will give proper frequencies for operation of electrolysis circuit at 10khtz. The SCR switch is old style , mostly discontinued, and would be replaced by MOSFET on heat sink. Fast repeating DC pulses to cell is way better than straight DC for gases evolution of Hydrogen.Time is there for stuck ions to release, making faster operation. Any one interested should study the online Patent. Final output of 30volts + 200 pulse amps is sufficient for making free fuel. The approx 40 amp battery draw at 12v is replaced by standard alternator. Beefed up 450 Watts , instead of low watts CDI for an ignition coil.The magnetic field pulses also increases efficiency. Potassium Hydroxide as electrolyte allows passage of heavy current to water cell. I may replicate this also, as side project, as used at LOWERED output level, to fire just single spark plug as no separate cell, in engine.
(By the way, Archie Blue, engineer from new Zealand with Patent, also ran 2 4cyl cars on water using his special vertical cell of staggerd, perforated discs and side electrodes. Small air pimp input from cell bottom, bubbled upward, allowed the neutral air to CLEAN SWEEP the stuck ions from the thin aluminum discs. Improved Hydrogen Gas Generator efficiency. Seek and ye shall find.) -
#22 · date not recorded
Horvath Patent saves even more energy!
The high wattage CDI power supply, 2nd transformer Tr2 as inside the water cell, had no rectifier on secondary side output wanted. The waste heat was not desired by use of a rectifier as it was running on 200amps current. Energy was then conserved, and Tr2 transformer had been changed to iron laminations instead of Ferrite material normally for high frequency. It's use allowed for what is expressed as a positive + pulse output as DC , due to the formation of a degenerated, type, of Critical Positive Wave , as seen on oscilloscope. Brilliant!. Taken all together, the electronic circuit was successful, and 2nd similar CDI Patent was issued as final output high voltage type, and 3rd Horvath Patent issued using Radiation Magnetron tube in water cell. That one was shown in the Ford Fairlane V8 engine, back in those days. -
#23 ·
This photo shows 2 x 2N3055 transistors on a heat sink, lower right corner of engine bay.
Thats an Impco type gas carburetor but it is hooked up to an external hose to the bench / Filter.
The black part behind the carb is either the gas regulator or cell. ?
normally high-pressure gas from a tank is connected to a regulator which decreases pressure, which is mixes with incoming air at the carb, which has an air filter on top.attachment_17259 2025-09-19 (2).png
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#24 · date not recorded
And i also see the famous Meyer variacs -
#25 · date not recorded
Horvath Patent Math for designing circuit for hydrogen generator, -- finally has been figured out!! . requires PULSE PEAK input 900w into primary for 22A 2uf capacitor discharges at 10khz. Use old style scientific calculator for the formulas. I just went through it. Secondary of TR2 has output diode, so as there being an on + off time for release of stuck ions from plates. I have flat nickel coated plates with flutes, knurled, with N + S magnets on back side. 3/8" acrylic plastic box, 400mesh nylon screen. The capacitor is 2uf as induction stove range type polypropylene capacitor high frequency type. .P type Mosfet paralleled as used for high side switching direct to spark plug, or N channel for regular use as applied to water cell. POH is 25% solution by weight, meaning gallon is from both together same time -not gallon input water. .22 pulse amps becomes 200 amps pulse to plates. fast recovery heavy amp rectifier, or Horvath just used 3/4" iron laminations block with no diode, to get the critical positive wave out. AS used on input high frequency . China sells open board 1000 watts inverter with option of 330v terminals (to get about 600watts necessary) Can wind your own 2 transformers TR1 + TR, and can build your own switching inverter. L primary = C / I squared divided by E squared. I = E X square root C / L. Magnet wire as gauge # circular mills = 750 X I X duty cycle from wires chart. 10khz, .09joules each, 22A peak pulses, 371uh primary, 900w, 2uf- as (2) 4uf in series because the overall volts rating is needed., #16 #18 gauge primary, 2gauge secondary, Ratio 10:1 turns, duty cycle secondary .5 , water cell receives 450 Watts. Peak amps or watts is not average watts over the period time, .etc.
Grok AI
(Q) What is average power in watts drawn from input 12v battery required for 900 PEAK pulse watts CDI capacitor into transformer with secondary diode and 50% on time only? Does this assume 450 watts average power to load
(A) To determine the average power drawn from a 12 V battery to supply a CDI (Capacitor Discharge Ignition) system delivering 900 W peak pulse power into a transformer’s primary, with a 50% duty cycle (50% on-time) and a diode on the secondary, and to confirm if this results in 450 W average power to the load, let’s analyze step-by-step.
Key Parameters:
Peak pulse power: 900 W into the primary during the on-time.
Duty cycle: 50% (0.5), meaning the power is delivered for half the cycle.
Battery voltage: 12 V (DC).
Secondary side: Has a diode, delivering power to the load.
Question: What is the average power drawn from the battery, and does this setup imply 450 W average power to the load?
Step-by-Step Analysis:
1. Average Power to the Load:
The primary side delivers 900 W peak power during the 50% on-time. For a pulse transformer, the instantaneous power delivered to the primary is transferred to the secondary (assuming an ideal transformer with no losses).
The average power delivered to the load on the secondary side is:
Pavg, load=Ppeak×D=900×0.5=450 W.
Pavg, load=Ppeak×D=900×0.5=450W.
This confirms that, in an ideal system, the average power delivered to the load is indeed 450 W. The presence of the diode ensures unidirectional current to the load during the on-time, consistent with the 50% duty cycle.
2. Average Power Drawn from the Battery:
In an ideal system (100% efficiency), the average power drawn from the battery equals the average power delivered to the load, as energy is conserved. Thus:
Pavg, input=Pavg, load=450 W.
Pavg, input=Pavg, load=450W.
The CDI system stores energy in a capacitor during the off-time and discharges it into the primary during the on-time to achieve the 900 W peak power. The battery supplies a steady average power to charge the capacitor over the full cycle.
3. Average Current from the 12 V Battery:
The average power drawn from the battery is:
Pavg, input=V×Iavg.
Pavg, input=V×Iavg.
Given V=12 VV=12V and Pavg, input=450 WPavg, input=450W, the average current is:
Iavg=Pavg, inputV=45012=37.5 A.
Iavg=VPavg, input=12450=37.5A.
Thus, the battery supplies an average current of 37.5 A to provide 450 W average power, which supports the 900 W peak power during the 50% on-time.
4. Real-World Considerations:
Real CDI systems have losses due to:
Transformer inefficiencies (core losses, winding resistance).
Diode forward voltage drop (typically 0.7–1 V for a standard diode, reducing output power).
Capacitor charging/discharging inefficiencies.
Switching losses in the CDI circuit.
Assuming a typical efficiency of 80% (a reasonable estimate for CDI systems), the input power required to deliver 450 W to the load is:
Pavg, input=Pavg, loadη=4500.8=562.5 W.
Pavg, input=ηPavg, load=0.8450=562.5W.
The average current from the 12 V battery becomes:
Iavg=562.512≈46.9 A.
Iavg=12562.5≈46.9A.
The average power drawn from the battery is thus approximately 562.5 W with 80% efficiency.
5. Answering the Questions:
Average power drawn from the 12 V battery:
Ideal case (100% efficiency): 450 W.
Realistic case (80% efficiency): ~562.5 W.
Does this assume 450 W average power to the load?:
Yes, the setup with 900 W peak power and a 50% duty cycle inherently results in 450 W average power to the load in an ideal system, as calculated (900×0.5=450 W900×0.5=450W). This is consistent with the transformer transferring 900 W peak power during the on-time, averaging to 450 W over the full cycle.
Final Answer:
The average power drawn from the 12 V battery is 450 W in an ideal system, or approximately 562.5 W with 80% efficiency (requiring ~46.9 A average current).
Yes, this setup assumes 450 W average power delivered to the load, as the 900 W peak power with a 50% duty cycle naturally results in 450 W average power in an ideal transformer system.