Elementary Lectures on Electric Discharges, Waves and Impulses, and Other Transients — part 7 of 7

INDEX 151 PAGE. Energy, diclectric and magnetic, of transient................000.000. OF MONCLIC. 26 ee eee te eee een e ena 18 of magnetic field. 00. cc ee eee ce ee eens 12 storage as cause of transients ..... 6... cece eens 3 supply in continual and cumulative oscillations. ............119, 128 trausfer in double-energy transient.........0....000...0002-. 60 by traveling wave... 0.00. ce eee te eee eee eeee 92 of traveling wave in compound cireuit................-.--. 110 Equations of double-energy transient... 2.0.66... ee ee eee eee eee OD Jine oseillation. . 0... eee eee e eee ee eee Ad, 15, BA simple tramsicnt. 0.0... eee eee eens 6 single-energy magnetic transient. 2.2... ee eee eee eee ee Qh, 24 Jexeessiye momentary short cireuit of alternator... 20.2.0 00.00...2.... °° 87 Exponential decrement... 0.0.0.0... 0c ee eee eect e eee eee 8S magnetic single-energy transient........ 0066.0... ee eee eee eee 2 transient... ee eee nett ete eens 7 numerical values... 2. eee eee tte teens 29 Field current at alternator short circuit, rise... eee eee AO transient pulsation... 00.00.06 eee eee eee eee aS permanent pulsation. 2.0... 20.000... e eee eee HD FIELD, ELECTRIC. 2.0.00... 00.0. cece ete eee eee = 10 rotating, transient... 0.0.0.6 ee cece cece ee aeee Bb superposition... ee eee ence eee eee eee 129 transient, of alternator... 0.0000. cee ee eee 38 CONSEPMCHON eee eee ne eee en eee ees 40) ealeulation. 00... cee ee eee cece tee ee eeee = dt Flux, diclectrie. 00.0002 cece cette eee eeeeee eee dd, 15 INAGNCHIC. Co eee eee ete ete ee eenee ee LO, 14 Frequencies of line oseillations 0.0.2... ee ee eee eee FD Frequeney of double-energy transient, ealeulation.................2.. 66 of continual and cumulative oseillations.. 00.00.00. .....0.... 126 oscillation of line transient... 0.0.0. cece eee ee 78 transformation in continual and cumulative oscillations....... 119 Préhlich’s formula of magnetie-flux density. ..............00000000+. 5B Fundamental wave of oseillation........... 0.00.0 cece eee eee eee. § SL Gradient, cleetrie. 0... cee cece eet e eee ee eeeeeeees.- 15, 17, 18 Grounded phase... 0... ce eee eee eee nn eee eee OF Grounding surge of etreuit. 0.000 eee ee eee eee eneeeee § 62 Cround return of conductor, inductance and eapacity................ 139 ; Valf-wave oscillation... 0.0 teens ca taeeecceeee 82 Ilunting of synchronous machines as double-energy transient.......... 9 ~ as continual or cumulative oseillation..................222-. 124 Iivdraulie transient of water power... 00.00.00. eee eee 4 Ilysteresis cycle as cause of continual or cumulative oscillation........ 124 Image conductor of grounded overhead line... 2.2.6.0 2. 0.0.00. eee eee 189 JImpedanee, natural or surge, of circuit. 2.2.6.6... 00... .--02-2 022 Ol, St Impulse propagation over line and reflection... ...........6.2.-006-. 108 as traveling WaVG. 00... cee ee eet eeeeeeerecee 105 Increase of power flow in traveling wave..... 0... ee cee ee eee 92 Independence of rotating-field trausient from phase at start........... 36 Inductance of cable... 0. cc ete eet en ee teeeceee 182 enleulation. 2... cee eee eee e eee eeeeeceee 182 and eapacity calculation of three-phase circuit........0...... 185 INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITY OF ROUND PARALLEL — CONDUCTORS. 0.0... cece cece cence ecnecees 198

152 INDEX PAGE Inductance of circuit, definition. ........ 0.0... cece eee ee eeeeeeeeeee Ll Aefinition 2. cece ccc cece ses eeceeeresccees 128 effective, of line transient... ........ 0.0 eee e eee eee eee eee 75 CQUATION Le cee eee teen ee eee cece eee 182, 135, 140 mutual, calculation... 2.0... cee eee cece eee cece eee AL, 147 VOITAZO. cee cece cece e eee cnet eet eeeeeeee LZ, 18 Intensity, dielectric... 2. ee eee cee cence eeeeee es 16, 17, 18 MAGNCEIC. cee eee tere eee eee LS, 17, 18 IRON-CLAID CIRCULT, SEINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENT...... 9 52 Jron-clad circuit transient, oscillogram... 2.0.0.0... 0.0000 e cece eeees 8 lXennelly’s formula of magnetic reluctivity........0.........0.....022. 88 Length of cireuit in velocity measure, calculation.................... 109 Lightning surge of circuit. 00.00. cee eee eee eceeceeceee 62 as traveling WAVG. 0.0000. ccc eee cee eee c ee ectetceees 89 Line as generator of transient power... 0.0... cee cee cee eee ecenceses LIZ LINES OSCILLATION 2.0.00... ccc cee cece cence ete eeneesccssess 72 general form... 0... ec ccc cece ence eee eeacececeeees 74 continual oscillation. 0... ce cee cee eee cece ee eeeceeee LDS also sce Trausinission line. Magnetic field. 00.0... cc cece eee ee cece eects eessesceecene 10 as stored CNCrEYV. 0... cc cee eee eee eee e ee tee teen neces 3 AUX ccc cect e nce e ee eeteesereeeeseeee sl 4, 17, 18 I Oc 10 single-onergy (ransienh. oo. c cece cee e ee eee ee cece ee eee AY, 25 COMSLTUCHION. 0000 eee cece eee eee cette eee nce e ne LU, 2d - uration... cece cece ee eect teen eet eee ecees OD Mn@neties. 00. ccc eee e eect eet eeeeeereeeeseee eld, 17, 18 Magnetizing foree. 0... ee cece eee eee e eee eeeeeeeecld, 17, 18 Magnetomotive force... 000. ce eee eee eee e eee teeceee AF, 17, 18 Massed capacity and inductance. .... 0.0.0 cece eee eee eee e eee eeae 73 Maxtmum transient current... 0... een erence ee eeeee = GL 0) 0 cc 61 Maximuin value of rotating-field tramsiont.. 0.00.0. cc eee eee eee eee = 86 Measurement of very high frequency traveling wave..............0.. 104 Mechanical energy transient... eee cee eens 4 Mechanisin of energy supply ia continual or cumulative oscillation. .... 124 Momentary short-cireuit. current of alternators... 0.000 00...02..0.0000. 87 COUSEPUCHION 2 eee ee eee e eect eee ee eens = AO Calemlution. 0. cee eee et eee eee enee ott Motor field, magnetic transient... 00000 ee eee nee 24 Mutual capacity, ealeulation. . 20... 0.0.00. .0 020 cee eee eee eee eee 148, 147 of lines, enleulation. o0 0.0.02. e ee ee aes = BL induetanee and capacity with three-phase cireuit............. 0 147 ealeulation. oe eee eee ee eee eee Dbl, 147 Natural admittanee and impedance of eireuit. .......0.......2...-.--61, 84 Negative cnergy evele of continual and cumulative oscillations. ....... 124 Nonpertodie¢ transient. 0 0. cc cece eee eens 9 Nonproportional cleetrie transient. 0.0.0.0. 0 000.0 c eee eee eee eee ee = 82 : surge of transformer... 0.00 ee eee eee e eee O-+4 Open-cirenit compound oseillation. .........0 0.20.02... b eee eee eee ee 118 Oscillating currents. 00000 eee ene e eee eee eenes 62 voltages. occ eee nee ee ene eeeee 62 Oscillation frequency of line transient. ... 00.2... ee eee eee eee ee 18

INDEX 153 PAGE Oscillation of open compound cireuit.. 20.2... eee ee eee eee eee ee 118 stationary, see Stationary oscillations and standing waves. Oseillations, cumulative... 0.0... eee eee eee areeeeaes OF of closed compound circuit. 0.0.2... eee eee ee eee eee LLL, 112 OSCILLATIONS, LING. 2 0... ec etc eee rece 72 OSCILLATIONS OF Tie COMPOUND CIRCUIT............. 108 Oscillatory transient of rotating field... 00... eee ee eee eee eee 8G Osceillograins of arcing ground on transmission Jine.... 6.6.0... .0 0208s 98 ~ continual oscillations... ...... 00000. cee eee eee ee eee LZI-123 : continuous oscillations. 2.00. eee ee eee eee ees 128 cumulative transformer oscillation. .... 00.0... 0c eee ee eee ee OD decay of compound eireuit... 0.0. ee eee eee = GL formation of stationary oscillation by reflection of traveling WAVC. eee ee eee eee eee eet ee ecereecees LO] high-frequeney waves preceding low-frequency oscillation of compound circuit. 0. eee eee eee ee eee 102, 103 impulses in line and their reflection.............0..002226.+. 106 recurrent oscillations...... 0.0.00. e eee ee ae ee AQZL, 122 stugle-phase short circuit of alternators................202-8. BO single-phase short circuit of quarter-phase alternator.......... 48 three-phase short cireuit of alternators... 0.26.00... 00 eee eee YD starting current of transformer. oo... 6... eee ee eee cee OT starting oscillation of transmission lne......................76, 77 varying frequency transicnt of transformer...........0....... G4 Pendulum as double-energy transient... 000.0. eee ees 8 Periodi¢ consponent of double-energy transient, equation. ............ 66 energy transfer In transient. 0.0... ee eee ee ees GO . snd. transient component of transient... 0.0.0.0... 0. 02 eee eee 72 transients, reduction fo permanents... 0.0.0.6. cee ee eee es 9) Period and wave length in velocity units... 0... eee 92 Permanent phenomena, nate... ee eee eens 1 Poermenbiliby. 0... tence eee ee eee eee LS, 17,18 Permeance.... 000 teen eee en eee e eee ens 18 Permittanee., 0.0. ce enter eee n tne eee tenes 18 Pormittivity 0000.00 eee eee e eee eeeeeeee 16, 17, 18 Phase angle, ehange at transition point... 2.2.0.0 ...0.. 00.00 ee ee eee. 117 of oseillation, progressive change In line... 0.2... ee eee eee FO Phenomena, transient, see Transients. . Polyphase alternator short circuit... 00.0.6 eee eee eee aE oscillogrnmis. 6... cette ee eee eee eee 48, 49 Power diagram of open compound-cirenit transient. ................. 114 closed conrpound-cireuit transient... ..........-........111, 113 dissipation constant... 00.0200 eee eee teen eee §— 88 of seetion of compound circuit... 2. .0.....0......22.2..2-.. 108 double-energy transient... 0.0.0... 0 6. eee eee eee eee ee §=§— 66 Ce) C06 18 flow in compound circuit... 0.0.0... 0 2. eee ete eee eee = DO of line transient... 0000.00 eee eee ee eee ee ee 88, 8D of line oscillation. 0.0.00 cece eee eee tee eee FD supply to continual or cumulative oseillation............2.... 126 transfer constant of cireutt.. 0... eee ee ee eee eee OF section of compound circuit... 0.0... eee eee eee eee = 108 in compound-eircuit oscillation. oo... 0......0.22.2--2-22. 90 of traveling wave... ee eee ee eee ee OB Progressive change of phase of line oscillation. ....................-. 75 Propagation of transient in line...... 2... ..00 0. cc cee eee eee eee eens = 74 velocity of electric field... 0.0.0.0... eect TH

154 INDEX PAGE Proportionality in simple transient. ... 0.00.00. ee eee ee 4 Protection against continual oscillations. .........0...0........2..... 196 Pulsation, permanent, of field current in single-phase alternator short CITCUIE. cece eee cette eter eee ceev ee AD of transient energy... 0 eee ee eee eer eeees»§6 GL transient, of magnetomotive foree and field current at poly- phase alternator short cireuit....... 0. 000.....2.....0... 4 (Quadrature relation of stationary wave... 0.2... eee eee eee ees »§=688 (Quantity of cleetricity 0.0. eee eee ee eee e reese = Id : (luarter-wave oscillation of line... 2... ce eee eee ee es Sl, 82 Rencetanee of alternator, synchronous and self-inductive.............. 37 Reaetion, armature, of allernator.. 0.0.0... 0 20.00.00 e eee eee © 87 Renetive power wave... 0. ce eee e cette neee ees = 88 Reeurrent osetlations 00 ee eee eee 120, 124 Reflected wave at transition point. ........00 0.020.000 08ceee eee eee es) ET8 Reflection at transition poink.. 2.00... 0 0 ee ee eee eee eee ee. § 618 Relation between cexpnetty and induetanee of line...............2..2. 81 studing and traveling waves. ...0...0.0..00...0..0.080-0e00--2. OL Reluctance. 0... ee ee ee eee eee n eee 18 Reluctivity 0.00.02 cece eter e eee eee eee. 18 Resistanee. 0.6 nec tne e teense eee eeceaee IS elTeetive, of line transient..... 000.0000... eee cee cee eee aes = 78 Resistivity. oo cee ett e eect e eee eeeeeee 18 Resolution into transient and permanent... ...0....0. 0.000002 eee eee = 30 Rise of field current at alternator short cireuit.........0.....-...2... 40 Rotating field, transient... 0.0... 000.000. ccc cece eee cece ese ee = OE Self-induetion, emf. of... 0. ce cece een eee eeae 12 Separation of transient and permanent... 0.0.00... 00. eee ee eee EF, 80 Ships, deecleration as transient... 2. eee eee eae 7 Short-cirenit of alternator, momentary... 00.00.0000. 02 eee ee eee eee BT CONSEPUCHION . 0 cee ect e eee ee eeeeee = 40 emleulation 0 cee eee eee teen cece ee tt surge Of CITCUIb. 2.0.0 et ee nee eee n eens 62 Simple transient... 0.0.0.6 cee eee aes 4 CQUOMION oe eee nent een n teens 6 Singing we... ce ee eee e ete ereeeeee 122 Single-phase alternator short circuit... 0006. eee eee AB OscHHogram. oe eee eee eee te re eeeeee = BO : short cirenit of alternators... 0.0.00 ee ee eee eee ee 5 Os@HOgrAMs cece e ee eee ee AS, BO Single-energy transient... 0. eee nee eens 7 SINGLE-ENURGY TRANSIENT OF IRON-CLAD CIRCUITS.. 52 SINGLIE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS, CONTINUOUS CURRENT... 19 SINGLE-ENERGY TRANSIENTS IN A.C. CIRCUITS......... 30 Speeifie capacity... 0... eee eee eee eee eee 16, 17, 18 Standing Waves... 0.0.0... cc tee cee eee neeeeceees OF originating from traveling waves............0..22--2.+2----.- LOL see Stationary oscillation and Oscillation, stationary. Start of standing wave by traveling wave..........0...0..000-0--2++ 101 Starting current of transformer, oscillogran..........00. 000220000. 87 oseillation of line... 00.2 cece eee eee eee eee BG transmission line, oseillogram. 2... 0.0. ee ee ee LOY TT of rotating field. 0.0.2... cece cc eee ee eet eeee ees. = BF transient of A.C. circuit... 0... eee eee eee eee ence eee = 82 magnetic Circuit. 0... kee cee eee ete e eee ence eee = 28 three-phase circuit... 2... eee eee eee reece 82

INDEX 155 ‘ PAGE Statie induction of line, caleulation.. 0.0.01... .. 0c eee eee eee eee = Bl Stationary oscillation of open line... 0.0... ee eee eee eeeeeeee eee 86 see Line oscillation and Standing wave. Stcepness of iron-clad transient .. 0.0... 06.6 e eee ee ee ee eee eee 58 ° wave front and power-transfer constants of impulse........... 105 Step-by-step method of calculating transient of iron-clad circuit....... 58 Storage of cnergy as cause of transients... 2.0.0.0 ..6. 0.6 eee eee eee 3 Superposition of fields... 0.0. eee eee ee eeees 129 ; Surge admittance and impedance of circuit... .......................61, 84 Symbolic method reducing A.C. phenomena to permanents........... 9 Syimetrical pulsation of field current at single-phase alternator short Synchronous machine hunting.......0. 5.0.00 cc ee ee cece ee eee eee eee 124 'Torminal conditions of line oscillation. ............0---. eee ee eee eee = 84 ‘Three-phase alternator short circuit... 0.0... ee ee eee ee eee eee ees = Ad oscillograims..... 0. cee eee eet eect e ee eeeecccsee AD Three-phase circuit, inductance and capacity calculations............. 145 inutual inductance and capacity.... 2.0... ee eee eee ee eee LAT current transient... 0.0... eee eee nee eee eeceeeeeece 82 muagnetie-field transient... 0.0.0... cc ee eee een eee 34 . Time constant. . 0.06... eee n tees sree eseteeeee 22 loerement.. 6. ec e eee cece etter eteeececene § G4 of compound cireuit....... 200.0... ee eee eet ee ee eeee ee = 108 Transfer of energy in double-cnergy transient........ 0.0.6.2 eee eee 69 by traveling Wave. 200. ee ee ee tee eee eens Y2 in compound etreuit oscillation. 00... ee eee eee = 90 ‘Transformation ratio at transition point of compound eircuit.......... 0 117 . ‘Transformer as generator of transient energy. ....................111, 113 continual oscillation. 2.0.00. ee tet ee ence eeee 127 Transient current in A.C. credit. . 00. eee ee eee eee eee Ol double-energy... 00 teen e een eee 7 power transfer in compound-cireuit. 6.2. ....0.... 002.0002 -2e- 11D SINGIC-CUCIEY 0. teen en ee eee e eens 7 of rotating field... 0 0 cc eee e eee e eee Ot self-induetive reactanee of alternator. .....0.000.0..00002002.. separation from permanent. ... 2.0.0... ce ee ee ee dby BY short-circuit curent of alternator............. 0.0.0.0. 220002- © 87 construction. 6.6... ee eee tect eee ete eee = AQ calculation... 2.00. cette tee ee tee eeceeees 44 and periodic components of oscillation... .............2.2--- 72 Transients, double-energy. 00.2 eee ce tec even e ee» 89 eaused by energy storage... 6.0. eect e eens 3 fundamental condition of appearance............. 006. 4 general with all forms of energy..........0.. 2.002 cee eee eee 4 as interinediate between permanents............0.2. 0000 eee 2 MAEMO ne nent tence tenes 1 single-energy A.C. etreuit.. 0.02. cee cece eee eee = BU Continuous current... ee eee eee 19 -ransition point, change of phase angle... 2... 6... ee ee ANT reflechion 0. cece eee e tect ee etereeeceees LIS voltage and current transformation. ................2...2... 117 ‘Transmission-line Surge... 0. ee cece cece eee e eter eee eae 63 tPANSICDt. 6 cee cee e ttt e et eteetetcnces 18 also see Line. Transmitted wave at transition point. . 0.0.6.0... 0. cee eee eee eee ee 118 Transposition of line conductors.........0..0 cece cece cee eeececeeee 147

156 INDEX PAGE TRAVISLING WAVES ..... 0. ccc ccc cc cece eect e ee cee ee cetraee 88 Traveling wave, cquation..... 0.0... cece cece eee twee eens et eteces 95 as impulses... 0... ce ee ee een e ete eee reece estereee 105 preceding stationary oscillation......0......0. eee eee ce eeeeee 101 of very high frequency... 06. eee eee eee ee eee = 104 Turboalternators, momentary short-circuit current................... 87 CONSHFUCHION. 6... ke eee eee cece nese teesstecceseee 40 calculations... 0.00060... c eee ee ee ctceee 44 Undamped oscillations. 2.6.0... 0 000 e eee e eee cere eeeeene OT Unidirectional energy transfer in transient.............2-2......2-.. 60 Uniform power flow in traveling wave....... 6... eee cee eee eee 92 Unsymmetrical pulsation of ficld current at single-phase alternator short CIPCUIL. eee ee eee ee tect eeeetecccns = 46 Varying frequency oscillation of transformer... 0.0... cece cece ee ee eee OF Velocity constant of line... 2.6... ce ee te eee eee ee FB, 83 relation between line capacity and inductance................ 81 measure, edleulation of civeuit length. ......-.......2. 000... LOD of propagation of electric field, .... 6... ee ce eee eee FA, 188 transiont of ship... 2... eee ee eee eee eee eee ene 7 unit of length of line... 1.0... ee ce ee ee eee 83 of length in compound circuit. 60... eee ee ee ce 92 Very high frequency traveling wave.... 0.6... eee cece eee eee eee 104 Voltage... ccc ee cee eee eter e etree eter tesseweceterere 18 gradicnt.. 0... cee eee ee tee ree e ec en ere LS, 17 . Telation of section of compound oscillating cireuit............. 17 rise of quadrature phase in single-phase alternator short circuit. 47 at transition point of compound oscillation... .............. W17 of single-energy magnetic transient... 0.0.0.6... eee eee eee 27 "transient, MANIMUIN. 2... ete eee eee e ee teeeee OL Wave front of impulse... 0... ce cee eee ere cee erect tere cece enes 105 length of line oscillation... 2.0.0... cece eee eee ee ee eee eee AY, 80 and period in velocity unit... 6.6 cece ee cece eee cece eee = G2 standing, see Standing wave. WAVES, TRAVELING ....... 0... ccc cece ee cet e ect e eset ercene 88

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